Editing Etruscan civilization (section)

===Periodization of Etruscan civilization===
{{main|Villanovan culture}}
The Etruscan civilization begins with the early Iron Age [[Villanovan culture]], regarded as the oldest phase, that occupied a large area of northern and central Italy during the Iron Age.<ref name=Neri/><ref name=Bartolonivillanoviana/><ref name=Torellicolonna2000/><ref name=Torellibriquel2000/><ref name=Torellibartoloni2000/> The Etruscans themselves dated their nation's origin to a date corresponding to the 11th or 10th century BC.<ref name=Bartolonivillanoviana/><ref name="BartoloniTreccani">[[Gilda Bartoloni]], "La cultura villanoviana", in ''Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica'', Treccani, Rome 1997, vol. VII, p. 1173 e s 1970, p. 922. (Italian)</ref> The Villanovan culture emerges with the phenomenon of regionalization from the late Bronze Age culture called "[[Proto-Villanovan culture|Proto-Villanovan]]", part of the central European [[Urnfield culture|Urnfield culture system]]. In the last Villanovan phase, called the recent phase (about 770–730 BC), the Etruscans established relations of a certain consistency with the first [[Magna Grecia|Greek immigrants in southern Italy]] (in [[Ischia|Pithecusa]] and then in [[Cuma (Italy)|Cuma]]), so much so as to initially absorb techniques and figurative models and soon more properly cultural models, with the introduction, for example, of writing, of a new way of banqueting, of a heroic funerary ideology, that is, a new aristocratic way of life, such as to profoundly change the physiognomy of Etruscan society.<ref name=BartoloniTreccani/> Thus, thanks to the growing number of contacts with the Greeks, the Etruscans entered what is called the [[orientalizing period]]. In this phase, there was a heavy influence in Greece, most of Italy and some areas of Spain, from the most advanced areas of the [[Aegean Sea|eastern Mediterranean]] and the [[ancient Near East]].<ref>[[Walter Burkert]], ''The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age'', 1992.</ref> Also directly Phoenician, or otherwise Near Eastern, craftsmen, merchants and artists contributed to the spread in southern Europe of Near Eastern cultural and artistic motifs. The last three phases of Etruscan civilization are called, respectively, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic, which roughly correspond to the homonymous phases of the ancient Greek civilization.

====Chronology====
{| class="wikitable" width=700px
|rowspan=10|'''Etruscan civilization'''<br>(900–27 BC)<ref name=Bartoloni2012h/>
|rowspan=4|Villanovan period<br>(900–720 BC)
| Villanovan I
| 900–800 BC
|-
| Villanovan II
| 800–720 BC
|-
| <small>Villanovan III (Bologna area)</small>
| <small>720–680 BC<ref name=Montanari2004 >{{cite web |url= http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/l-italia-preromana-i-siti-etruschi-bologna_%28Il-Mondo-dell%27Archeologia%29/|title=L'Italia preromana. I siti etruschi: Bologna |author=Giovanna Bermond Montanari|date=2004 |publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it|access-date=October 12, 2019 }}</ref></small>
|-
| <small>Villanovan IV (Bologna area)</small>
| <small>680–540 BC<ref name=Montanari2004 /></small>
|-
|rowspan=3| Orientalizing period<br>(720–580 BC)
| Early Orientalizing
| 720–680 BC
|-
| Middle Orientalizing
| 680–625 BC
|-
| Late Orientalizing
| 625–580 BC
|-
|rowspan=1| Archaic period<br>(580–480 BC)
| Archaic
| 580–480 BC
|-
|rowspan=1| Classical period<br>(480–320 BC)
| Classical
| 480–320 BC
|-
|rowspan=1|Hellenistic period<br>(320–27 BC)
| Hellenistic
| 320–27 BC
|-
|}