Editing Emotion (section)

== Classification ==
{{main|Emotion classification}}
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel [[irritation]] more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as [[pleasure]] and [[suffering|pain]], motivational states (for example, [[hunger (physiology)|hunger]] or [[curiosity]]), moods, dispositions and traits.<ref>Schwarz, N.H. (1990). "Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states". ''Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior'', 2, 527–561.{{ISBN?}}</ref>

=== Basic emotions theory ===
[[File:Emotions - 3.svg|thumb|330px|Examples of basic emotions]]
[[File:Plutchik-wheel.svg|thumb|330px|The emotion wheel]]
For more than 40 years, [[Paul Ekman]] has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (for example, disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. Ekman's facial-expression research examined six basic emotions: [[anger]], [[disgust]], [[fear]], [[happiness]], [[sadness]] and [[surprise (emotion)|surprise]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Shiota|first=Michelle N.|date=2016|chapter=Ekman's theory of basic emotions|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Harold L.|title=The Sage encyclopedia of theory in psychology|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7C45DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 248–250]|isbn=978-1452256719|doi=10.4135/9781483346274.n85|quote=Some aspects of Ekman's approach to basic emotions are commonly misunderstood. Three misinterpretations are especially common. The first and most widespread is that Ekman posits exactly six basic emotions. Although his original facial-expression research examined six emotions, Ekman has often written that evidence may eventually be found for several more and has suggested as many as 15 likely candidates.}}</ref>

Later in his career,<ref name="Ekman and Cordaro">{{cite journal|last1=Ekman|first1=Paul|last2=Cordaro|first2=Daniel|s2cid=52833124|title=What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic|journal=Emotion Review|date=20 September 2011|volume=3|issue=4|pages=364–370|doi=10.1177/1754073911410740|issn=1754-0739}}</ref> Ekman theorized that other universal emotions may exist beyond these six. In light of this, recent cross-cultural studies led by [[Daniel Cordaro]] and [[Dacher Keltner]], both former students of Ekman, extended the list of universal emotions. In addition to the original six, these studies provided evidence for [[amusement]], [[awe]], [[contentment]], [[desire]], [[embarrassment]], [[pain]], [[Relief (emotion)|relief]], and [[sympathy]] in both facial and vocal expressions. They also found evidence for [[boredom]], [[confusion]], [[interest (emotion)|interest]], [[pride]], and [[shame]] facial expressions, as well as [[contempt]], relief, and [[wikt:triumph|triumph]] vocal expressions.<ref name="Cordaro, Keltner, Tshering, Wangchuk and Flynn">{{cite journal|last1=Cordaro|first1=Daniel T.|last2=Keltner|first2=Dacher|last3=Tshering|first3=Sumjay|last4=Wangchuk|first4=Dorji|last5=Flynn|first5=Lisa M.|title=The voice conveys emotion in ten globalized cultures and one remote village in Bhutan.|journal=Emotion|date=2016|volume=16|issue=1|pages=117–128|doi=10.1037/emo0000100|pmid=26389648|language=en|issn=1931-1516}}</ref><ref name="Cordaro, Sun, Keltner, Kamble and Huddar and McNeil">{{cite journal|last1=Cordaro|first1=Daniel T.|last2=Sun|first2=Rui|last3=Keltner|first3=Dacher|last4=Kamble|first4=Shanmukh|last5=Huddar|first5=Niranjan|last6=McNeil|first6=Galen|s2cid=3436764|title=Universals and cultural variations in 22 emotional expressions across five cultures.|journal=Emotion|date=February 2018|volume=18|issue=1|pages=75–93|doi=10.1037/emo0000302|pmid=28604039|language=en|issn=1931-1516}}</ref><ref name="Keltner, Oatley and Jenkins">{{cite book|last1=Keltner|first1=Dacher|last2=Oatley|first2=Keith|last3=Jenkins|first3=Jennifer M|title=Understanding emotions|date=2019|publisher=Wiley Global Education |isbn=978-1119492535|language=en|oclc=1114474792 }}{{page needed|date=July 2021}}</ref>

[[Robert Plutchik]] agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "[[emotion classification#Plutchik's wheel of emotions|wheel of emotions]]", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Plutchik|first=Robert|date=2000|title=Emotions in the practice of psychotherapy: clinical implications of affect theories|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|isbn=1557986940|oclc=44110498|doi=10.1037/10366-000}}</ref> Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way [[primary color]]s combine, ''primary emotions'' could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal [[anger]] and [[disgust]] could blend to form [[contempt]]. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Plutchik R|year=2002|title=Nature of emotions|journal=American Scientist|volume=89|issue=4|page=349|doi=10.1511/2001.28.739}}</ref>

[[Jaak Panksepp]] carved out seven [[heredity|biologically inherited]] primary affective systems called SEEKING (expectancy), FEAR (anxiety), RAGE (anger), LUST (sexual excitement), CARE (nurturance), PANIC/GRIEF (sadness), and PLAY (social joy). He proposed what is known as "core-SELF" to be generating these affects.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Panksepp|first1=Jaak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVdxXN_vVGEC&q=at+least+seven+basic+affective+systems|title=The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)|last2=Biven|first2=Lucy|year=2012|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393707311|language=en|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721142921/https://books.google.com/books?id=bVdxXN_vVGEC&q=at+least+seven+basic+affective+systems|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Multi-dimensional analysis theory ===
[[File:Geneva Emotion Wheel - English.png|alt=Sorting emotions into unpleasant-pleasant and activated-calm.|thumb|330px|Two dimensions of emotions, made accessible for practical use<ref>{{citation|last1=Scherer|first1=Klaus R.|title=The GRID meets the Wheel: Assessing emotional feeling via self-report1|year=2013|work=Components of Emotional Meaning|pages=281–298|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199592746|last2=Shuman|first2=Vera|last3=Fontaine|first3=Johnny R. J.|last4=Soriano|first4=Cristina|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592746.003.0019|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:97384|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129140826/https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:97384|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Psychologists have used methods such as [[factor analysis]] to attempt to map emotion-related responses onto a more limited number of dimensions. Such methods attempt to boil emotions down to underlying dimensions that capture the similarities and differences between experiences.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Measurement of Meaning|last1=Osgood|first1=Charles Egerton|last2=Suci|first2=George J.|last3=Tannenbaum|first3=Percy H.|name-list-style=vanc|date=1957|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0252745393|location=Urbana, Illinois}}{{page needed|date=July 2021}}</ref> Often, the first two dimensions uncovered by factor analysis are [[valence (psychology)|valence]] (how negative or positive the experience feels) and [[arousal]] (how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map.<ref name="Schacter" /> This two-dimensional map has been theorized to capture one important component of emotion called [[theory of constructed emotion#Core affect|core affect]].<ref name="Barrett and Russell">{{cite journal|vauthors=Russell JA, Barrett LF|title=Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=76|issue=5|pages=805–819|date=May 1999|pmid=10353204|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805 }}</ref><ref name="Russell 2003">{{cite journal|vauthors=Russell JA|title=Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion|journal=Psychological Review|volume=110|issue=1|pages=145–172|date=January 2003|pmid=12529060|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145|citeseerx=10.1.1.320.6245 |s2cid=2890641 }}</ref> Core affect is not theorized to be the only component to emotion, but to give the emotion its hedonic and felt energy.

Using statistical methods to analyze emotional states elicited by short videos, Cowen and Keltner identified 27 varieties of emotional experience: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, craving, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire, and surprise.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors=Cowen AS, Keltner D|title=Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion bridged by continuous gradients|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|number=38|pages=E7900–7909|year=2017|doi=10.1073/pnas.1702247114|doi-access=free|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|pmid=28874542|pmc=5617253|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E7900C |issn=0027-8424}}</ref>