Editing Emerald (section)

=== Origin determinations ===
Since the onset of concerns regarding diamond origins, research has been conducted to determine if the mining location could be determined for an emerald already in circulation. Traditional research used qualitative guidelines such as an emerald's color, style and quality of cutting, type of fracture filling, and the anthropological origins of the artifacts bearing the mineral to determine the emerald's mine location. More recent studies using [[energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy]] methods have uncovered trace chemical element differences between emeralds, including ones mined in close proximity to one another.  American gemologist David Cronin and his colleagues have extensively examined the chemical signatures of emeralds resulting from fluid dynamics and subtle precipitation mechanisms, and their research demonstrated the chemical homogeneity of emeralds from the same mining location and the statistical differences that exist between emeralds from different mining locations, including those between the three locations: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor, in Colombia, South America.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.gem-a.com/publications/journal-of-gemmology/issues-2008-to-date/cronin-2012.aspx |title=Determining the geographical origins of natural emeralds through nondestructive chemical fingerprinting |last1=Cronin |first1=David |date=2012 |journal=Journal of Gemmology |last2=Rendle |first2=Andy |pages=1–13 |volume=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015242/http://www.gem-a.com/publications/journal-of-gemmology/issues-2008-to-date/cronin-2012.aspx |archive-date=17 November 2015  |doi=10.15506/JoG.2012.33.1.1 }}</ref>