Editing Edwin Lutyens (section)

==== India (1912–1930) ====
{{Main|Lutyens' Delhi}}
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg|thumb|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], was designed by Lutyens.]]

Largely designed by Lutyens over 20 or so years (1912 to 1930), New Delhi, situated within the metropolis of [[Delhi]], popularly known as '[[Lutyens' Delhi]]', was chosen to replace [[Calcutta]] as the seat of the British Indian government in 1911;{{sfn|Irving|1981|p=29}} the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, Lutyens invented his own new order of classical architecture, which has become known as the [[Delhi Order]] and was used by him for several designs in England, such as [[Campion Hall, Oxford]]. Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian architecture—something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of Viceroy's House, now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. This palatial building, containing 340 rooms, is built on an area of some {{convert|330|acre|ha}} and incorporates a private garden also designed by Lutyens. The building was designed as the official residence of the [[Viceroy of India]] and is now the official residence of the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-heritage-tour-from-tughlaq-to-british-era-cycle-your-way-to-historical-monuments/story-j3wSwSJyQcctJDwyFqBybI.html |title = Delhi heritage tour: From Tughlaq to British era, cycle your way to historical monuments |newspaper = Hindustan Times |date=8 June 2017 |access-date = 3 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/ |title=Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, English architect and designer |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220132703/http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/indias-roads-whose-space-is-it-anyway-17555|title=India's roads: Whose space is it anyway? |date=3 July 2017 |access-date = 3 July 2017}}</ref>

The Delhi Order columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them, which, it has been suggested, Lutyens had designed with the idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end. At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to care for the building and serve the Rastrapati Bhavan.

The new city contains both the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament buildings]] and [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|government offices]] (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was built distinctively of the local red sandstone using the traditional [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style.

When composing the plans for New Delhi, Lutyens planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of [[Shahjahanbad]]. His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues.

Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the place where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market. It was there that Lutyens imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the D-shaped market seen today.

Many of the garden-ringed villas in the [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]] (LBZ)—also known as Lutyens' Delhi—that were part of Lutyens's original scheme for New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi. The LBZ was placed on the 2002 [[World Monuments Fund]] Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. None of the bungalows in the LBZ were designed by Lutyens—he only designed the four bungalows in the Presidential Estate surrounding Rashtrapati Bhavan at Willingdon Crescent, now known as Mother Teresa Crescent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lutyens himself designed only four bungalows |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |archive-date = 22 October 2012}}</ref> Other buildings in Delhi that Lutyens designed include [[Baroda House]], [[Bikaner House]], [[Hyderabad House]], and [[Patiala House Courts Complex|Patiala House]].<ref>Prakash, Om (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC Cultural History Of India]''. New Age International, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-224-1587-3}}. p. 217.</ref>

In recognition of his architectural accomplishments for the British Raj, Lutyens was made a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) on 1 January 1930.<ref name="gazette2">{{London Gazette
|issue=33566
|page=5
|date=1 January 1930
|supp=y
}}</ref> As a chivalric order, the KCIE knighthood held precedence over his earlier [[knight bachelor|bachelor knighthood]].

A bust of Lutyens in the Rastrapati bhavan is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi. Lutyens's work in New Delhi is the focus of [[Robert Grant Irving]]'s book ''Indian Summer''.

In spite of his monumental work in India, Lutyens believed that the peoples of the Indian sub-continent were less civilised and less intelligent than Europeans, although these views were common at the time among many of his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jun/23/biography.art |title=The Architect And His Wife, The Life of Edwin Lutyens |access-date=25 January 2014 |newspaper = The Guardian }}</ref> He thought the Indian Indo-Saracenic style was "formless, not of carved decoration, an anathema...hardly qualified as architecture at all." Endless battles were fought between him and Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Hardinge]] over architectural style: Lutyens wanted classical, the architecture of the Empire – Hardinge wanted elements of the Indian vernacular for political and cultural reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=The Architect and His Wife: A Life of Edwin Lutyens |page=257}}</ref>