Editing Economy of Canada (section)

==Key industries==

In 2020, the Canadian economy had the following relative weighting by the industry as a percentage value of GDP:<ref name=" industry GDP">[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610043403 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, annual average (x 1,000,000)], Statistics Canada, Table 36-10-0434-03, 2018.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Industry !! Share of GDP
|-
| Real estate and rental and leasing || 13.01%
|-
| Manufacturing || 10.37%
|-
| Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction || 8.21%
|-
| Finance and insurance || 7.06%
|-
| Construction || 7.08%
|-
| Health care and social assistance || 6.63%
|-
| Public administration || 6.28%
|-
| Wholesale trade || 5.78%
|-
| Retail trade || 5.60%
|-
| Professional, scientific and technical services || 5.54%
|-
| Educational services || 5.21%
|-
| Transportation and warehousing || 4.60%
|-
| Information and cultural industries || 3.00%
|-
| Administrative and support, waste management, and remediation services || 2.46%
|-
| Utilities || 2.21%
|-
| Accommodation and food services || 2.15%
|-
| Other services (except public administration) || 1.89%
|-
| Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting || 1.53%
|-
| Arts, entertainment and recreation || 0.77%
|-
| Management of companies and enterprises || 0.62%
|}

=== Real estate, rental, and leasing ===

Canada's real estate market is the backbone of the economy, comprising over 13% of the GDP by sector in 2020. In 2021, housing investment accounted for 21% of national wealth.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230116/dq230116d-eng.htm | title=The Daily — Housing economic account, 1961 to 2021 | date=January 16, 2023 }}</ref>  It is difficult to discern the actual contribution of other sectors (Construction, Investment and Financial Services, Manufacturing, Forestry, etc.) to Real Estate, Rental and Leasing, as these industries are intrinsically linked in a complex economy. The Bank of Canada has increased its mortgage bond holdings to target 50% of the fixed-rate primary issuances.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2025/01/operational-details-government-purchases-canada-mortgage-bonds-2025/ | title=Operational Details for Government Purchases of Canada Mortgage Bonds in 2025 }}</ref>

===Service sector===
The service sector in Canada is vast and multifaceted, employing about three quarters of Canadians and accounting for 70% of GDP.<ref name="auto">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Canada|access-date=October 14, 2018}}</ref> The largest employer is the [[retail]] sector, employing almost 12% of Canadians.<ref>Wallace, Iain, ''A Geography of the Canadian Economy.'' Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2002.</ref> The retail industry is concentrated mainly in a small number of chain stores clustered together in [[shopping mall]]s. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of [[big-box store]]s, such as [[Walmart]] (of the United States), [[Real Canadian Superstore]], and [[Best Buy]] (of the United States). This has led to fewer workers in this sector and the migration of retail jobs to the suburbs.
[[File:Vancouver downtown.jpg|thumb|The [[Financial District, Vancouver|Financial District]] in [[Downtown Vancouver]]. Canadian business services are largely concentrated in large urban areas of Canada.]]
The second-largest portion of the service sector is the business service, and it employs only a slightly smaller percentage of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410002301|title=Labour force characteristics by industry, annual|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=January 25, 2021|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> This includes the [[financial services]], [[real estate]], and communications industries. This portion of the economy has been rapidly growing in recent years. It is largely concentrated in the major urban centres, especially [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]] and [[Vancouver]] (see [[Banking in Canada]]).

The education and health sectors are two of Canada's largest, but both are primarily under the influence of the government. The health care industry has been quickly growing and is the third-largest in Canada.

Canada has an important [[high tech]] industry,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada Business Facts|url=https://bizpages.org/countries--CA--Canada}}</ref> and a burgeoning film, television, and entertainment industry creating content for local and international consumption (see [[Media in Canada]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Gasher |first=Mike |date=2002 |title=Hollywood North the feature film industry in British Columbia |location=Vancouver |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0774809689 }}</ref> [[Tourism in Canada|Tourism]] is of ever increasing importance, with the vast majority of international visitors coming from the United States. Casino gaming is currently the fastest-growing component of the Canadian tourism industry, contributing $5 billion in profits for Canadian governments and employing 41,000 Canadians as of 2001.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =MacLaurin | first1 =Tanya | last2 =MacLaurin | first2 =Donald | title =Casino gaming and tourism in Canada | journal =International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management | volume =15 | issue =6 | pages =328–332 | publisher =MCB UP Ltd | date =2003 | doi =10.1108/09596110310488177 }}<!--| access-date =June 4, 2014 --></ref>

===Manufacturing===
[[File:Ford Oakville Assembly.JPG|thumb|[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'s [[Oakville Assembly]] in the [[Greater Toronto Area]]. Central Canada is home to several auto factories of the major American and Japanese automakers.]]
The [[Three-sector model|general pattern of development]] for wealthy nations was a transition from a raw material production-based economy to a manufacturing-based economy and then to a service-based economy. At its World War II peak in 1944, Canada's manufacturing sector accounted for 29% of GDP,<ref name="mfggdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0027m/2009057/ct029-eng.htm|title=Manufacturing's share of gross domestic product, 1900 to 2005 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> declining to 10.37% in 2017.<ref name=" industry GDP" /> Canada has not suffered as greatly as most other rich, industrialized nations from the pains of the relative decline in the importance of manufacturing since the 1960s.<ref name="mfggdp" /> A 2009 study by [[Statistics Canada]] also found that, while manufacturing declined as a relative percentage of GDP from 24.3% in the 1960s to 15.6% in 2005, manufacturing volumes between 1961 and 2005 kept pace with the overall growth in the volume index of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0027m/2009057/aftertoc-aprestdm2-eng.htm|title=The Canadian Manufacturing Sector: Adapting to Challenges |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Manufacturing in Canada declined significantly during the [[Great Recession]]. As of 2017, manufacturing accounts for 10% of Canada's GDP,<ref name=" industry GDP"/> a relative decline of more than 5% of GDP since 2005.

Central Canada is home to [[branch plant]]s to all the major American and Japanese automobile makers and many parts factories owned by Canadian firms such as [[Magna International]] and [[Linamar|Linamar Corporation]].

====Steel====
[[Image:HamiltonNorthEndIndustrialA.JPG|right|thumb|[[Dofasco|ArcelorMittal Dofasco]], view from Burlington Street]]
Canada was the world's nineteenth-largest steel exporter in 2018. In year-to-date 2019 (through March), further referred to as YTD 2019, Canada exported 1.39 million metric tons of steel, a 22 percent decrease from 1.79 million metric tons in YTD 2018. Based on available data, Canada's exports represented about 1.5 percent of all steel exported globally in 2017. By volume, Canada's 2018 steel exports represented just over one-tenth the volume of the world's largest exporter, China. In value terms, steel represented 1.4 percent of the total goods Canada exported in 2018. The growth in exports in the decade since 2009 has been 29%. The largest producers in 2018 were [[ArcelorMittal]], [[Essar Steel Algoma]], and the first of those alone accounted for roughly half of Canadian steel production through its two subsidiaries. The top two markets for Canada's exports were its [[NAFTA]] partners, and by themselves accounted for 92 percent of exports by volume. Canada sent 83 percent of its steel exports to the United States in YTD 2019. The gap between domestic demand and domestic production increased to −2.4 million metric tons, up from −0.2 million metric tons in YTD 2018. In YTD 2019, exports as a share of production decreased to 41.6 percent from 53 percent in YTD 2018.<ref name="usdoc">{{citation-attribution|{{cite news |title=Global Steel Trade Monitor – Steel Exports Report: Canada |url=https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-Canada.pdf |agency=International Trade Administration |publisher=US Department of Commerce |date=August 2019 |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428221657/https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-Canada.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2018 |url-status=dead}} }}</ref>

In 2017, [[heavy industry]] accounted for 10.2% of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=":1" />

===Mining===
{{Main|Mining in Canada}}
Canada is one of the largest producers of metals (as of 2019):
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Metal
!World rank
!class=unsortable|{{Refh}}
|-
|[[Platinum]]
|4
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=USGS Platinum Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold]]
|5
|<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nickel]]
|5
|<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=USGS Nickel Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Copper]]
|10
|<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=USGS Copper Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Iron ore|Iron]] (ore)
|8
|<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Titanium]]
|4
|<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=USGS Titanium Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-titanium-minerals.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-titanium-minerals.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Potash]]
|1
|<ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=USGS Potash Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-potash.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-potash.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Niobium]]
|2
|<ref name=":9">{{cite web |title=USGS Niobium Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-niobium.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-niobium.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Molybdenum]]||7||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cobalt]]||7||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Cobalt Production Statistics}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lithium]]||8||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zinc]]||8||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Zinc Production Statistics}}</ref>
|}
In 2019, the country was also the 4th largest world producer of [[sulfur]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Sulfur Production Statistics}}</ref> the 13th largest world producer of [[gypsum]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Gypsum Production Statistics}}</ref> the 14th worldwide producer of [[antimony]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Antimony Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's 10th largest producer of [[graphite]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-graphite.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-graphite.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Graphite Production Statistics}}</ref> in addition to being the 6th largest world producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=USGS Salt Production Statistics}}</ref> It was the 2nd largest producer in the world of [[uranium]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx|title=World Uranium Mining – World Nuclear Association|website=www.world-nuclear.org}}</ref>

===Energy===
{{Main|Energy in Canada}}
Canada has access to cheap sources of energy because of its geography. This has enabled the creation of several important industries, such as the large [[aluminium|aluminum]] industries in British Columbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidetobceconomy.org/major_industries/resource_based.htm |title=Resource-based Industries and High-tech Manufacturing – Goods Sector – Major Industries – A Guide to the BC Economy and Labour Market |publisher=Guidetobceconomy.org |access-date=November 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907052003/http://www.guidetobceconomy.org/major_industries/resource_based.htm |archive-date=September 7, 2011 }}</ref> and Quebec.<ref>{{cite web|last=Canadian |first=The |url=http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/general/aluminum-heavyweights-to-make-15-billion-quebec-investment-43389 |title=Aluminum heavyweights to make $15-billion Quebec investment |publisher=Canadian Manufacturing |date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=November 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013193436/http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/general/aluminum-heavyweights-to-make-15-billion-quebec-investment-43389 |archive-date=October 13, 2011 }}</ref> Canada is also one of the world's highest per capita consumers of energy.<ref>[http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indicators/Issues/Energy/Bulletin/ec_iss_e.cfm Environment Canada – Energy Consumption] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040222212419/http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indicators/Issues/Energy/Bulletin/ec_iss_e.cfm |date=February 22, 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environmentalindicators.com/htdocs/indicators/8ener.htm |title=Canada vs. The OECD: An Environmental Comparison |publisher=Environmentalindicators.com |access-date=February 22, 2011}}</ref>

====Electricity====
{{Main|Electricity sector in Canada}}
The [[electricity sector]] in [[Canada]] has played a significant role in the economic and political life of the country since the late 19th century. The sector is organized along provincial and territorial lines. In a majority of provinces, large [[government-owned company|government-owned]] integrated public utilities play a leading role in the [[electricity generation|generation]], [[electric power transmission|transmission]] and [[electric power distribution|distribution]] of electricity.  [[Ontario]] and [[Alberta]] have created [[electricity market]]s in the last decade in order to increase investment and competition in this sector of the economy. In 2017, the electricity sector accounted for 10% of total national greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html|title=Greenhouse gas emissions|date=January 9, 2007|website=Canada.ca|publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411165603/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html|archive-date=April 11, 2020|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> Canada has substantial electricity trade with the neighbouring [[United States]] amounting to 72 TWh exports and 10 TWh imports in 2017.

[[Hydroelectricity]] accounted for 59% of all electric generation in Canada in 2016,<ref>{{citation|author=Natural Resources Canada|title=Electricity Facts|date=October 6, 2017|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/facts/electricity/20068#L3|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501204710/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/facts/electricity/20068#L3|url-status=dead}}</ref> making Canada the world's second-largest producer of hydroelectricity after China.<ref>{{citation |author=International Energy Agency |title=Key World Energy Statistics 2010 |publisher=IEA/OECD |location=Paris |page=19 |url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |access-date=September 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |archive-date=October 11, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Since 1960, large hydroelectric projects, especially in [[Quebec]], [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], have significantly increased the country's generation capacity.

The second-largest single source of power (15% of the total) is nuclear power, with several plants in Ontario generating more than half of that province's electricity and one generator in [[Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station|New Brunswick]]. This makes Canada the world's sixth-largest electricity producer generated by nuclear power, producing 95 TWh in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 15 Nuclear Generating Countries|url=https://www.nei.org/resources/statistics/top-15-nuclear-generating-countries|publisher=Nuclear Energy Institute|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>

Fossil fuels provide 19% of Canadian electric power, about half as coal (9% of the total), and the remainder a mix of natural gas and oil. Only five provinces use coal for electricity generation. Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia rely on coal for nearly half of their generation, while other provinces and territories use little or none. Alberta and Saskatchewan also use a substantial amount of natural gas. Remote communities, including all of Nunavut and much of the Northwest Territories, produce most of their electricity from diesel generators at high economic and environmental costs. The federal government has set up initiatives to reduce dependence on diesel-fired electricity.<ref>{{citation|author=Natural Resources Canada|title=Reducing diesel energy in rural and remote communities|date=January 30, 2018|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/science/programs-funding/20542|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612181027/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/science/programs-funding/20542|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Non-hydro renewables are a fast-growing portion of the total, at 7% in 2016.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

====Oil and gas====
{{See also|Petroleum production in Canada}}
[[File:SyncrudeWoodBuffalo.JPG|thumb|[[Syncrude]]'s Mildred Lake plant site at the [[Athabasca oil sands]] in [[Alberta]]]]
Canada possesses extensive oil and gas resources centered in Alberta, and the Northern Territories but is also present in neighboring [[British Columbia]] and [[Saskatchewan]]. The vast [[Athabasca oil sands]] give Canada the world's third-largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, according to [[USGS]]. The oil and gas industry represents 27% of Canada's total [[greenhouse gas emissions]], an increase of 84% since 1990, mostly due to the development of the oil sands.<ref name=":0" />

Historically, an important issue in Canadian politics is the interplay between the oil and energy industry in [[Western Canada]] and the industrial heartland of Southern Ontario. Foreign investment in Western oil projects has fueled [[Canada]]'s rising dollar. This has raised the price of Ontario's manufacturing exports and made them less competitive, a problem similar to the [[Dutch disease|decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/07/20/growing-equalization-payments-to-ontario-threaten-country-expert/|title=Growing Equalization Payments to Ontario Threaten Country|author=Lee Greenberg|date=July 20, 2011|newspaper=National Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Does the Canadian economy suffer from Dutch Disease? |author1=Michel Beine |author2=Charles S. Bos |author3=Serge Coulombe |date=January 2009 |url=http://www.economie.uqam.ca/pages/docs/Beine_Michel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117204453/http://www.economie.uqam.ca/pages/docs/Beine_Michel.pdf |archive-date=November 17, 2011 }}</ref>

The [[National Energy Policy]] of the early 1980s attempted to make Canada oil-sufficient and to ensure equal supply and price of oil in all parts of Canada, especially for the eastern manufacturing base.<ref name="canadian_eclopedia">{{citation |title=National Energy Program |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada |date=January 2005 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-energy-program |access-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519131210/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/national-energy-program/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This policy proved deeply divisive as it forced Alberta to sell low-priced oil to eastern Canada.<ref name="National_Post_2012">{{citation |title=A legacy rich as oil: Ex-Alberta premier Peter Lougheed's ideas imprinted on party still in power 41 years later |first=Jen |last=Gerson |date=September 14, 2012 |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/09/14/a-legacy-rich-as-oil-ex-alberta-premier-peter-lougheeds-ideas-imprinted-on-party-still-in-power-41-years-later/ |work=National Post |access-date=February 3, 2015}}</ref> The policy was eliminated 5 years after it was first announced amid a collapse of oil prices in 1985. The new Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]] had campaigned against the policy in the [[1984 Canadian federal election]]. One of the most controversial sections of the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement]] of 1988 was a promise that Canada would never charge the United States more for energy than fellow Canadians.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-emissions/sources-sinks-executive-summary-2019.html|title=Greenhouse gas sources and sinks: executive summary 2019|date=August 19, 2019|website=aem|publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407201526/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-emissions/sources-sinks-executive-summary-2019.html|archive-date=April 7, 2020|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Main|Agriculture in Canada}}
[[File: InlandGrainTerminal.jpg|thumb|An inland grain terminal along the [[Yellowhead Highway]] in [[Saskatchewan]]]]
Canada is one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products, particularly wheat and other grains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/modules/prb98-2-grain/grainmarket-e.htm |title=The Relative Position of Canada in the World Grain Market |publisher=Dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca |date=October 2, 2002 |access-date=February 22, 2011}}</ref> Canada is a major exporter of agricultural products, to the United States and Asia. As with all other developed nations, the proportion of the population and GDP devoted to agriculture fell dramatically over the 20th century. The agriculture and agri-food manufacturing sector created $49.0 billion to Canada's GDP in 2015, accounting for 2.6% of total GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190730/dq190730a-eng.htm|title=Agriculture and Agri-Food Economic Account, 2015|website=Statistics Canada|date=July 30, 2019|access-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref>  This sector also accounts for 8.4% of Canada's Greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=":1" />

The Canadian agriculture industry receives significant government subsidies and support as with other developed nations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-07 |title=Taxpayers oblivious to the cost of farm subsidies |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/taxpayers-oblivious-to-the-cost-of-farm-subsidies/article13055078/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref> However, Canada has strongly supported reducing market influencing subsidies through the [[World Trade Organization]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} In 2000, Canada spent approximately CDN$4.6 billion on support for the industry.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} $2.32 billion was classified under the WTO designation of "green box" license, meaning it did not directly influence the market, such as money for research or disaster relief.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} All but $848.2 million were subsidies worth less than 5% of the value of the crops they were provided for.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}