Editing Eastern imperial eagle (section)

===Migration and wintering range===
[[File:Aquila heliaca, Little Rann of Kutch 1.jpg|thumb|A wintering imperial eagle in [[Little Rann of Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]].]]
Unlike the [[Spanish imperial eagle]], the eastern imperial eagle is fairly strongly migratory in most of its range, though a variable amount of residency or very local wandering during winter in the western and southern parts of its range may lend it to be described as a partial migrant. The species has been recorded overwintering as far north as [[Mongolia]].<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Bukreev/> In [[Bulgaria]], of three post-dispersal juveniles, two remained within the country and only one migrated a long distance to [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gradev, G. |author2=Matarranz, V. |author3=Dobreva, E.; Popov, D.; Marin, S.; Ivanov, I. & Zhelev, P. |year=2011 |title=First results of the tracking of Eastern Imperial Eagles (''Aquila heliaca'') tagged with radio-transmitters in Bulgaria |journal=Acta Zoologica Bulgarica |volume=Supplementum |issue=3 |pages=15–20}}</ref> Migratory movements occur during fall any time from September to November and in spring anytime from February to May, shifting earlier in the fall and later in spring the farther north that the eagles breed. Differentiating the large areas used merely for passage migration or vagrancy from regular wintering grounds can be difficult.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= HBW/><ref name="Domashevsk 2002">Domashevsk,y S.V. (2002). ''[Observations of the migration of birds of prey in the Crimea]''. Berkut, 11: 112-116.</ref> Though typically seen in very small numbers at main raptor migration sites, the species may occur as a passage migrant through much of the [[Middle East]] down to [[Yemen]], with pockets of wintering eagles in Israel, northern [[Jordan]], central [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], northeastern [[Iraq]] and adjacent southwestern [[Iran]].<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref>Porter, R. F., & Beaman, M. A. S. (1985). ''A resume of raptor migration in Europe and the Middle East''. Conservation Studies on Raptors. ICBP Technical Publication, 5, 237-242.</ref><ref>Lobley, G.R. (2007). ''Wintering of greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga and eastern imperial eagle A. heliaca in the Arabian Peninsula''. Sandgrouse 29(2): 177-182.</ref><ref>Christensen, S. J., Lou, O., Miller, M., & Wohlmuth, H. (1980). ''The spring migration of raptors in southern Israel and Sinai''. Sandgrouse, 2, 1.</ref> A radio-tagging study of a few wintering eagles in [[Arabia]] found they returned variously to [[Russia]] in four cases and [[Kazakhstan]] and [[China]] in a single case, with a range of ground covered in spring migration of {{convert|3900|to|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>Meyburg, B. U., & Meyburg, C. (2015). ''Satellite tracking of Eastern Imperial Eagles ''Aquila heliaca.</ref> The eastern imperial eagle winters locally and in quite small numbers in Africa's [[Nile|Nile valley]], mostly being reported in southern [[Sudan]], central [[Ethiopia]] and northern [[Kenya]], irregularly down as far as southern [[Kenya]] and once even in northern [[Tanzania]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name= HBW/><ref name= Kemp>Kemp, A., & Kemp, M. (2006). ''Sasol Birds of Prey; New Edition''. Struik.</ref><ref>Paltenea, E., Viforeanu, A., Bulgaru, C., & Jecu, E. (2008). ''Swamps biodiversity of the White Nile (Sudan)''. Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research, (6), 81.</ref><ref>Vittery, A. (1983). ''Movements of Palearctic raptors in the Ethiopian rift valley''. Scopus,(7), 1-9.</ref><ref>Gedeon, K., Zewdie, C., & Töpfer, T. (2017). ''The birds (Aves) of Oromia, Ethiopia–an annotated checklist''. European Journal of Taxonomy, (306).</ref><ref>Backhurst, G. C., Britton, P. L., & Mann, C. F. (1973). ''The less common Palaearctic migrant birds of Kenya and Tanzania''. Journal of East African Natural History, 1973(140), 1-38.</ref> Most migrants to Africa apparently originate in the western part of the breeding range such as [[Europe]].<ref>Agostini, N., & Logozzo, D. (1997). ''Autumn migration of Accipitriformes through Italy en route to Africa''. AVOCETTA-PARMA-, 21, 174-179.</ref><ref name="Domashevsk 2002"/> Further east, such as the imperial eagles that breed around [[Lake Baikal]], will generally migrate to [[south Asia]].<ref>Ryabtsev, V.V., Durnev, Y.A. & Fefelov, I.V. (2001). ''[Autumn passage of Falconiformes in the south-western shore of Lake Baikal]''. Russian Journal of Ornithology. 130: 63-68.</ref> Moderate to quite low numbers of this species are usually noted at migration sites in the [[Himalayas]].<ref>Fleming Jr., R. L. (1983). ''An east-west Aquila eagle migration in the Himalayas''. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay, 80(1), 58-62.</ref><ref>Den Besten, J. W. (2004). ''Migration of Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis and other raptors along the Himalayas past Dharamsala, India, in autumn 2001 and spring 2002''. Forktail, 20, 9-13.</ref> The eastern imperial eagle winters fairly broadly in the [[Indian subcontinent]], from eastern [[Pakistan]], eastward through southern [[Nepal]] to [[Bangladesh]] and down as far south in [[India]] as the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and northwestern [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= HBW/><ref name= Naoroji/> Other semi-regular wintering areas include southern [[Bhutan]], [[Thailand]] and north [[Indochina]] (recorded across Chinese border in southwestern [[Yunnan]]) and spottily in [[east China]] where wildlands still occur. Occasionally, wintering birds are doing in central [[Cambodia]] and discontinuously in [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]], as well as in the [[Korean peninsula]], [[Taiwan]] and southern [[Japan]] (mostly [[Honshu]]).<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= HBW/><ref>Chen, G., & Peterson, A. T. (2002). ''Prioritization of areas in China for the conservation of endangered birds using modelled geographical distributions''. Bird Conservation International, 12(3), 197-209.</ref><ref>Morris, G.E. (1986). ''Birds of prey in Vietnam''. Birds of Prey Bulletin, 3: 163-169.</ref><ref>Liu, C. (2004). ''[Spring raptor migration survey for the 3 northernmost townships of Taiwan in 1996]''. Raptor Research of Taiwan, 5: 25-44.</ref> Vagrants have been reported in over 20 countries, mainly in Europe, including [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Germany]] and [[Italy]].<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref>Fritz, O. (1981). ''[Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, recorded on Oland]''. Calidris, 10: 263-264.</ref><ref>Bottazzo, S., Piras, G. & Tonelli, A. (1999). ''A case of wintering of the imperial eagle Aquila heliaca in Italy''. Avocetta, 23: 17.</ref>