Editing East Liverpool, Ohio (section)

===Pottery industry===
[[File:Chocolate pot MET DP208424 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lotus Ware]] chocolate pot, produced by Knowles, Taylor, & Knowles {{Circa|1890-1910}}]]

The [[Pottery|potteries]] of East Liverpool became the national center of [[ceramic]] toilet and table wares, with 85 firms operating at one time or another making two-thirds of the national output from 1880 to 1950. East Liverpool's pottery district encompasses the city itself and the surrounding towns of [[Chester, West Virginia]]; [[Newell, West Virginia]]; and [[Wellsville, Ohio]]. In 1887, East Liverpool had 21 general ware potteries that employed 2,558 operatives. By 1923 the 17 firms had 7,000 employees and operated 270 kilns, with $25,000,000 in annual output.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gates |first1=William C. |last2=Ormerod |first2=Dana E. |title=The East Liverpool pottery district: Identification of manufacturers and marks |journal=Historical Archaeology |date=1982 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–323 |doi=10.1007/BF03374026 |s2cid=163404422 }}</ref> At various times, some of the largest potteries included the [[Goodwin Baggott Pottery]]; Knowles, Taylor & Knowles; Taylor, Smith & Taylor; [[The Hall China Company]]; and [[Homer Laughlin China Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepotteries.org/potworks_wk/067.htm |title=Pottery Works at East Liverpool, Ohio, USA |website=thepotteries.og |date=2010 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/potteryindust.htm |title=The Pottery Industry |publisher=East Liverpool Historical Society |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref>

Englishman James Bennett established the industry in 1839, making use of good transportation and rich local clays. It quickly became the community's leading industry. East Liverpool became known as "The Crockery City". [[Staffordshire Potteries|Potters from  Staffordshire, England]], began pouring into East Liverpool, attracted by higher wages and the prospect of land ownership. By 1879, there were 24 potteries in East Liverpool, nearly all operated by [[English Americans|English immigrants]]. As late as 1900, East Liverpool remained "essentially a transplanted potting town of Englishmen".<ref>William E. Van Vugt. ''British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900''. pp. 135–136, 137.</ref> Until the turn of the century about 85% percent of the population could trace its heritage to England.<ref>Witt, Joan. "[http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/people.htm The People of East Liverpool]". East Liverpool Historical Society.</ref> After the English, the second largest ethnic group in East Liverpool were [[German Americans|German settlers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/people.htm|title = ELHistSoc - the People of East Liverpool}}</ref> From 1870 to 1890, the city more than doubled in population each decade as it attracted new industrial workers with the growth of the pottery industry.

In the mid-19th century, East Liverpool produced most of the [[yellowware]] pottery used in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lester, Meera |author2=Marsha Janda-Rosenberg |name-list-style=amp |title=Adventures in Mosaics: Creating Pique Assiette Mosaics from Broken China, Glass, Pottery, and Found Treasures|year=2003|publisher=Rockport Publishers|isbn=9781564969996|pages=20}}</ref> Among the most famous of East Liverpool's ceramics was the porcelain known as [[Lotus Ware]]. Produced by Knowles, Taylor & Knowles in the 1890s, this [[Moors|Moorish]]- and [[Persia]]n-influenced artware swept the competition at the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themuseumofceramics.com/lotus-ware/ |author=Vodrey, Catherine S. |title=Lotus Ware |publisher=The Museum of Ceramics |date=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906224038/https://www.themuseumofceramics.com/lotus-ware/ |archive-date=September 6, 2017 }}</ref> The [[Museum of Ceramics (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Museum of Ceramics]] in downtown East Liverpool has the world's largest public display of Lotus Ware.

Two potteries continue to operate in the area: the American Mug & Stein Company and the [[Fiesta Tableware Company]], formerly Homer Laughlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/business/starbucks-turns-to-ohio-not-china-for-coffee-mugs.html |title=For Ohio Pottery, a Small Revival |author=Strom, Stephanie |publisher=The New York Times |date=June 11, 2012 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/homer-laughlin-and-hall-china-foodservice-brands-to-join-steelite-international-1029036355?op=1# |title=Homer Laughlin and Hall China Foodservice Brands to Join Steelite International |author=Steelite International |publisher=Markets Insider |date=March 6, 2020 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref> [[Holly Black]]'s ceramic-themed novel ''[[Doll Bones]]'' is set in East Liverpool due to its history in the industry.