Editing Duchy of Prussia (section)

===Emancipation===
In response to the Swedish-Prussian alliance, King [[John II Casimir Vasa]] submitted a counteroffer, which Frederick William accepted. They signed the [[Treaty of Wehlau]] on 19 September 1657 and the [[Treaty of Bromberg]] on 6 November 1657. In return for Frederick William's renunciation of the Swedish-Prussian alliance, John Casimir recognised Frederick William's full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia.<ref name="Rutkowski"/>{{rp|83}} After almost 200 years of Polish suzerainty over the Teutonic monastic state of Prussia and its successor Ducal Prussia, the territory passed under the full sovereignty of Brandenburg. Therefore, ''Duchy of Prussia'' then became the more adequate appellation for the state. Full sovereignty was a necessary prerequisite to upgrade Ducal Prussia to the sovereign [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1701 when Elector [[Frederick I of Prussia|Frederick III of Brandenburg]] can become "[[king in Prussia]]" in 1701 without approvement of Emperor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]].

[[File:Image-Koenigsberg, Map by Merian-Erben 1652.jpg|thumb|17th-century view of Königsberg]]
However, the end of Polish suzerainty was met with resistance of the population, regardless of ethnicity, as it was afraid of Brandenburg [[absolute monarchy|absolutism]] and wished to remain part of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]]. The burghers of the capital city of Königsberg, led by [[Hieronymus Roth]], rejected the treaties of Wehlau and Oliva and viewed Prussia as "indisputably contained within the territory of the Polish Crown".<ref name=JJ>Janusz Jasiński, ''Polska a Królewiec'', Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie nr 2, 2005, p. 126 (in Polish)</ref> It was noted that the incorporation into the Polish Crown under the [[Treaty of Kraków]] was approved by the city of Königsberg, while the separation from Poland took place without the city's consent.<ref name=JJ/> Polish King John II Casimir was asked for help, and masses were held in Protestant churches for the king and the Polish Kingdom. But in 1662, Elector Frederick William entered the city with his troops and forced the city to swear allegiance to him.

However, in the following decades, at least one attempt to return of Polish suzerainty was made. In 1675, the Polish-French [[Treaty of Jaworów]] was signed according to which [[Kingdom of France|France]] was to support Polish efforts to regain control of the region, and Poland was to join the ongoing Franco-Brandenburgian War on the French side,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historykon.pl/kalendarium-historyczne/11-czerwca-1675-roku-krol-polski-jan-iii-sobieski-i-ambasador-krola-francji-ludwika-xiv-podpisali-tajny-traktat-w-jaworowie|title=11 czerwca 1675 roku król Polski Jan III Sobieski i ambasador króla Francji Ludwika XIV podpisali tajny traktat w Jaworowie|website=Historykon|access-date=24 October 2020|language=pl}}</ref> however, it was not implemented.

The nature of the ''de facto'' collectively ruled governance of Brandenburg-Prussia became more apparent through the titles of the higher ranks of the Prussian government, seated in Brandenburg's capital of Berlin after the return of the court from Königsberg, where they had sought refuge from the Thirty Years' War.