Editing Dominican Republic (section)

===Restoration republic===
[[File:Jura del gobernador y capitán general de Santo Domingo, don Pedro Santana (Museo del Prado).jpg|thumb|Pedro Santana is sworn in as governor-general of the new Spanish province.]]
In 1861, after imprisoning, exiling, and executing many of his opponents and due to political and economic reasons, Santana asked Queen [[Isabella II of Spain]] to retake control of the Dominican Republic. Spain, which had not come to terms with the loss of its mainland American colonies 40 years earlier, made the country a colony again.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Bulmer|editor1-first=Martin|editor2-last=Solomos|editor2-first=John|title=Gender, Race and Religion: Intersections and Challenges|date=2014|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> The island was occupied by 30,000 Spanish troops bolstered by battalions of Cuban and Puerto Rican volunteers and 12,000 Dominicans who aligned themselves with the Spanish forces.{{sfn|Scheina|2003|p=347}} The Haitian rebel [[Sylvain Salnave]], fearful of the reestablishment of Spain as colonial power, gave refuge and logistics to revolutionaries seeking to reestablish the independent nation. The ensuing civil war, known as the ''War of Restoration'', killed more than 50,000.<ref>{{cite book |author=Charles Nach Mback |title=Haïti République Dominicaine-Une Île pour deux (1804–1916) |date=March 26, 2003 |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |isbn=9782811137113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuWdtKnKz4gC |access-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111010142/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuWdtKnKz4gC |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Puerto Plata Cathedrale.JPG|thumb|upright|[[St. Philip the Apostle Cathedral, Puerto Plata|St. Philip the Apostle Cathedral]] in Puerto Plata was destroyed during the war in 1863 and rebuilt starting in 1870]]
The war began on August 16, 1863. The Spanish garrison of Santiago was forced to retreat to [[Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic|Puerto Plata]] by mid-September. The Dominicans bombarded the port of Puerto Plata and destroyed much of the town.<ref>{{cite news|title=THE INSURRECTION IN HAYTI.; Translation of the Declaration of Independence.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1863/11/28/news/the-insurrection-in-hayti-translation-of-the-declaration-of-independence.html|work=The New York Times|date=November 28, 1863|access-date=January 11, 2024|archive-date=January 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111173614/http://www.nytimes.com/1863/11/28/news/the-insurrection-in-hayti-translation-of-the-declaration-of-independence.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Santo Domingo Rebellion: Full Details of the Insurrection{{snd}}The Burning and Sacking of Puerto Plate. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1863/11/02/archives/the-santo-domingo-rebellion-full-details-of-the-insurrectionthe.html |work=The New York Times |date=November 2, 1863 |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706183846/https://www.nytimes.com/1863/11/02/archives/the-santo-domingo-rebellion-full-details-of-the-insurrectionthe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the south, Spanish forces were successful in driving the rebels out of several towns and into Haiti. However, the capture of [[Azua, Dominican Republic|Azua]] proved to be a costly endeavor, with two months of fighting and a significant loss of lives for the Spanish.<ref name="Jan">{{cite news |title=From St. Domingo; The Capture of Azua – Operations of the Dominican Guerrillas – The Spaniards Defeated in two Battles – The Spanish Prospect Unfavorable. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1864/01/20/archives/from-st-domingo-the-capture-of-azuaoperations-of-the-dominican.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 20, 1864}}</ref> Spanish forces from Cuba attacked and captured [[Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic|Monte Cristi]] on the north coast, but sustained heavy casualties.{{sfn|Scheina|2003|p=348}}
[[File:Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|"Monument to the Heroes of the Restoration"]]
By 1865, the Dominican forces had confined the Spanish troops to Santo Domingo, and the Spaniards were afraid to venture outside the capital.{{sfn|Scheina|2003|p=349}} After nearly two years of fighting, Spain abandoned the island in July 1865. One military historian estimates Spanish casualties at 10,888 killed or wounded in action and thousands dead from [[yellow fever]], while the Dominican forces fighting for Spain suffered 10,000 casualties.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=306}} Another military historian estimates that Spain lost 18,000 dead, a figure that does not include the Dominicans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans fighting alongside them.{{sfn|Scheina|2003|p=349}} The Dominicans fighting for independence against Spain suffered more than 4,000 dead.

Political strife again prevailed in the following years; warlords ruled, military revolts were extremely common, and the nation amassed debt. It was now Báez's turn to act on his [[Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo|plan of annexing the country to the United States]], where two successive presidents were supportive. U.S. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] desired a naval base at [[Samaná Bay|Samaná]] and also a place for resettling newly freed African Americans.<ref>{{cite book |title=U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth |last=Waugh |first=Joan |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnH6-AlKACUC&pg=PA137 |publisher=[[UNC Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8078-3317-9 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111005233/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnH6-AlKACUC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The treaty was defeated in the [[United States Senate]] in 1870.<ref name="guitar"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hidalgo |first=Dennis |title=Charles Sumner and the Annexation of the Dominican Republic |journal=Itinerario |volume=21 |issue=2 |doi=10.1017/S0165115300022841 |url=https://www.academia.edu/277925 |year=1997 |pages=51–66 |s2cid=163872610 |access-date=December 19, 2017 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816001342/https://www.academia.edu/277925 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Treaties.htm#5 |title=U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Origins & Development > Powers & Procedures > Treaties |access-date=October 17, 2008 |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073857/http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Treaties.htm#5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=G. Pope |author2=Larman Curtis Wilson |title=The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to Transnationalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBlfCf8I-YC&pg=PA27 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8203-1931-5 |page=27 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111005233/https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBlfCf8I-YC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Báez was toppled in 1874, returned, and was toppled for good in 1878.

Relative peace came to the country in the 1880s, which saw the coming to power of General [[Ulises Heureaux]].<ref name=countrystudies>{{cite web |title=Dominican Republic&nbsp;– Ulises Heureaux, 1882–99 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]; Federal Research Division |url=http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/8.htm |access-date=December 23, 2007 |archive-date=September 23, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923042018/http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> "Lilís", as the new president was nicknamed, put the nation deep into debt while using much of the proceeds for his personal use and to maintain his police state.<ref name=countrystudies/><ref>{{cite book |last=Langley |first=Lester D. |title=The Banana Wars |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8420-5047-0 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1RBfZd3pcC&pg=PA20 |year=2002 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111005339/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1RBfZd3pcC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1899, he was assassinated. However, the relative calm over which he presided allowed improvement in the Dominican economy. The sugar industry was modernized,<ref name=Hall>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Michael R. |title=Sugar and Power in the Dominican Republic |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-313-31127-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/sugarpowerindo00mich}}</ref>{{rp|p10}} and the country attracted foreign workers and immigrants. Lebanese, Syrians, Turks, and Palestinians began to arrive in the country during the latter part of the 19th century.<ref name=Brown>{{cite book|last=Brown, Isabel Zakrzewski |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00brow |title=Culture and customs of the Dominican Republic |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30314-2 |location=Westport, CT |oclc=41256263 |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the U.S. occupation of 1916–24, peasants from the countryside, called Gavilleros, would not only kill U.S. Marines, but would also attack and kill Arab vendors traveling through the countryside.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dominican Republic and its Arab Assimilation |url=http://www.abreureport.com/2015/08/the-dominican-republic-and-its-arab.html |access-date=September 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928033911/http://www.abreureport.com/2015/08/the-dominican-republic-and-its-arab.html |archive-date=September 28, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>