Editing Dieting (section)

===Fasting===
{{Main|Fasting|Intermittent fasting}}
Fasting is the act of intentional taking a long time interval between meals. Lengthy fasting (multiple days in a week) might be dangerous due to the risk of [[malnutrition]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL | title = Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 102 | issue = 2 | pages = 464–470 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26135345 | doi = 10.3945/ajcn.115.109553 | doi-access = free }}</ref> During prolonged fasting or very low calorie diets the reduction of blood glucose, the preferred energy source of the [[Human brain|brain]], causes the body to deplete its glycogen stores.<ref name=":1" /> Once glycogen is depleted the body begins to fuel the brain using ketones, while also metabolizing body protein (including but not limited to skeletal muscle) to be used to synthesize sugars for use as energy by the rest of the body.<ref name=":1" /> Most experts believe that a prolonged fast can lead to muscle wasting,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=Intermittent Fasting Can Lead to Muscle Loss, But It Doesn't Have to – Here's Why |url=https://newjersey.jeffersonhealth.org/content/intermittent-fasting-can-lead-muscle-loss-it-doesn%E2%80%99t-have-%E2%80%93-here%E2%80%99s-why |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Jefferson Health New Jersey |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110083145/https://newjersey.jeffersonhealth.org/content/intermittent-fasting-can-lead-muscle-loss-it-doesn%E2%80%99t-have-%E2%80%93-here%E2%80%99s-why |url-status=live }}</ref> although some{{who|date=April 2022}} dispute this.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The use of short-term fasting, or various forms of [[intermittent fasting]], have been used as a form of dieting to circumvent the issues of long fasting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Horne |first1=Benjamin D |last2=Muhlestein |first2=Joseph B |last3=Anderson |first3=Jeffrey L |date=2015-08-01 |title=Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |language=en |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=464–470 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.115.109553 |pmid=26135345 |s2cid=1478175 |issn=0002-9165|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Intermittent fasting commonly takes the form of periodic fasting, alternate-day fasting, time-restricted feeding, and/or religious fasting.<ref name=":1" /> It can be a form of reduced-calorie dieting but pertains entirely to when the metabolism is activated during the day for digestion. The changes to eating habits on a regular basis do not have to be severe or absolutely restrictive to see benefits to cardiovascular health, such as improved glucose metabolism, reduced inflammation, and reduced blood pressure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Amanda |last2=Gaballa |first2=Dianna |last3=Roslin |first3=Mitchell |last4=Gianos |first4=Eugenia |last5=Kane |first5=Jamie |date=July 2021 |title=Novel Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Weight Loss for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Ketogenic Diet, Intermittent Fasting, and Bariatric Surgery |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11886-021-01515-1 |journal=Current Cardiology Reports |language=en |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=85 |doi=10.1007/s11886-021-01515-1 |pmid=34081228 |s2cid=235307329 |issn=1523-3782 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301012409/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11886-021-01515-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Studies have suggested that for people in [[intensive care]], an intermittent fasting regimen might "[preserve] energy supply to vital organs and tissues... [and] powerfully activates cell-protective and cellular repair pathways, including autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant defenses, which may promote resilience to cellular stress."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gunst J, Casaer MP, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G |title=Role of ketones, ketogenic diets and intermittent fasting in ICU |journal=Curr Opin Crit Care |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=385–389 |date=August 2021 |pmid=33967210 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0000000000000841 |s2cid=234345670 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/677319}}</ref> The effects of decreased serum glucose and depleted hepatic glycogen causing the body to switch to ketogenic metabolism are similar to the effects of reduced carbohydrate-based diets.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} There is evidence demonstrating profound metabolic benefits of intermittent fasting in rodents.<ref name=":1" /> However, evidence is lacking or contradictory in humans and requires further investigation, especially over the long-term.<ref name=":1" /> Some evidence suggests that intermittent restriction of caloric intake has no weight-loss advantages over continuous calorie restriction plans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varady |first1=Krista A |last2=Bhutani |first2=Surabhi |last3=Church |first3=Emily C |last4=Klempel |first4=Monica C |date=2009-09-30 |title=Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=1138–1143 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380 |pmid=19793855 |issn=0002-9165|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> For adults, fasting diets appear to be safe and tolerable, however there is a possibility that periods of fasting and hunger could lead to overeating<ref name=":1" /> and to weight regain after the fasting period.<ref name=":1" /> Adverse effects of fasting are often moderate and include halitosis, fatigue, weakness, and headaches.<ref name=":1" /> Fasting diets may be harmful to children and the elderly.<ref name=":1" />