Editing Diaspora (section)

==Internal diasporas==
[[File:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b58 809-0.jpg|thumb|400px|An ethnographic map of 16th-century [[Siberia]], made in the [[Russian Empire]] period, between 1890 and 1907]]

In the United States of America, approximately 4.3&nbsp;million people moved outside their home states in 2010, according to [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] tax-exemption data.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bruner |first=Jon |title=Migration in America |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonbruner/2011/11/16/migration-in-america/ |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=Forbes |date=16 November 2011}}</ref> In a 2011 TEDx presentation, Detroit native [[Garlin Gilchrist]] referenced the formation of distinct "Detroit diaspora" communities in Seattle and in Washington, DC,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gilchrist |first=Garlin |title=From Detroit. To Detroit |url= http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxLansing-Garlin-Gilchrist-De |work=TEDxLansing |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]] |access-date=30 September 2013 |date=6 August 2011 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20131001043717/http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxLansing-Garlin-Gilchrist-De |archive-date=1 October 2013}}</ref> while layoffs in the [[Automotive industry in the United States|auto industry]] also led to substantial [[blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] migration from Michigan to Wyoming {{circa}} 2005.<ref>Compare: {{cite news |last=Silke Carty |first=Sharon |title=Wyoming wins over Michigan job seekers |url= http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/employment/2006-12-04-wyoming-job-seekers-michigan_x.htm |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=5 December 2006 |quote=About 100 people have made the move so far, and 6,000 more Michiganians have posted résumés on Wyoming's jobs website.}}</ref> In response to a statewide exodus of talent, the State of Michigan continues to host "MichAGAIN" career-recruiting events in places throughout the United States with significant Michigan-diaspora populations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh|first=Tom|title=MichAgain program aims to return talented people, investments to Michigan |url= http://www.freep.com/article/20110410/COL06/104100443/Tom-Walsh-MichAgain-program-aims-return-talented-people-investments-Michigan |access-date=1 October 2013 |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |date=10 April 2011}}</ref>

In the People's Republic of China, millions of migrant workers have sought greater opportunity in the country's booming coastal metropolises,{{when|date=November 2018}} though this trend has slowed with the further development of China's interior.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kenneth|first=Rapoza|title=Chinese Migrant Workers Enticed To Stay Home|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2013/02/19/china-migrant-workers-enticed-to-stay-home/|access-date=1 October 2013|newspaper=Forbes|date=19 February 2013}}</ref> Migrant social structures in Chinese megacities are often based on place of origin, such as a shared hometown or province, and recruiters and foremen commonly select entire work-crews from the same village.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's migrant workers|journal=Wildcat|volume=Winter 2007/08|issue=80|url= http://libcom.org/history/chinas-migrant-workers|access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref> In two separate June 2011 incidents, [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese]] migrant workers organized violent protests against alleged police misconduct and migrant-labor abuse near the southern manufacturing hub of [[Guangzhou]].<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Demick|first=Barbara
|title=China tries to restore order after migrant riots
|url= https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-xpm-2011-jun-13-la-fg-china-riot-20110614-story.html
|access-date=3 October 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times
|date=13 June 2011
}}
</ref>

Much of [[Siberia]]'s [[Demographics of Siberia|population]] has its origins in internal migration&nbsp;– voluntary or otherwise&nbsp;– from [[European Russia]] since the 16th century. The vast majority of the Siberian population (over 85%) is [[Slavs|Slavic]] and other [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] ethnicities,<ref name="2010Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Perepis-2010.ru |accessdate=2016-04-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212344/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |archivedate=2012-01-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Gks.ru |date= |accessdate=2016-04-03 |archive-date=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315114013/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> mainly the [[Russians]] (including their subethnic group [[Siberians]]), [[Ukrainians]], and [[Germans]]. Most non-Slavic groups are [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]. Smaller linguistic groups include [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] (ca. 600,000 speakers),
[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] ([[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]], [[Ugric languages|Ugric]]; roughly 100,000 speakers), [[Tungusic languages|Manchu-Tungus]] (ca. 40,000 speakers), [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]] (ca. 25,000 speakers), [[Eskimo–Aleut]] (some 2,000 speakers), [[Yukaghir languages|Yukaghir]] (highly endangered), and languages isolates [[Ket language|Ket]] (but see below) and [[Nivkh language|Nivkh]].

===Canada===
{{main|Interprovincial migration in Canada}}
[[File:Last_best_west.jpg|thumb|Pamphlet advertising for immigration to [[Western Canada]], {{circa|1910}}]]

In Canada, [[Interprovincial migration in Canada|internal migration]] has occurred for a number of different factors over the course of Canadian history. An example is the migration of workers from [[Atlantic Canada]] (particularly [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]) to [[Alberta]], driven in part by the [[Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery|cod collapse]] in the early 1990s and the 1992 moratorium on cod fishing. Fishing had previously been a major driver of the economies of the Atlantic provinces, and this loss of work proved catastrophic for many families. As a result, beginning in the early 1990s and into the late 2000s, thousands of people from the Atlantic provinces were driven out-of-province to find work elsewhere in the country, especially in the Alberta [[oil sands]] during the oil boom of the mid-2000s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lionais |first1=Doug |last2=Murray |first2=Christinas |last3=Donatelli |first3=Chloe |title=Dependence on Interprovincial Migrant Labour in Atlantic Canadian Communities: The Role of the Alberta Economy |journal=Societies |date=19 January 2020 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=11 |doi=10.3390/soc10010011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This systemic [[Migrant worker|export of labour]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Nelson |title=From Coal Pits to Tar Sands: Labour Migration Between an Atlantic Canadian Region and the Athabasca Oil Sands |journal=Just Labour |date=January 1, 2011 |volume=17 & 18 |issue=Special Section |doi=10.25071/1705-1436.35 |url= https://justlabour.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/justlabour/article/view/35 |access-date=4 December 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> is explored by author [[Kate Beaton]] in her 2022 graphic memoir ''[[Ducks: Two Years in the Oil Sands|Ducks]]'', which details her experience working in the [[Athabasca oil sands]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Smart |first=James |title=''Ducks'' by Kate Beaton review – Powerful big oil memoir |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/06/ducks-by-kate-beaton-review-powerful-big-oil-memoir |access-date=4 December 2022 |agency=The Guardian |date=6 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rogers |first=Shelagh |title=Kate Beaton's affecting ''Ducks'' dives into the lonely life of labour in Alberta's oil sands |url= https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thenextchapter/kate-beaton-s-affecting-ducks-dives-into-the-lonely-life-of-labour-in-alberta-s-oil-sands-1.6669384 |access-date=4 December 2022 |agency=CBC |date=2 December 2022}}</ref>

===Brazil===
{{main|Internal migration in Brazil}}
[[Internal migration in Brazil]] occurs mainly for economic reasons and ecological disasters. [[Internal migration]] involves the movement of people within the same territory, which can be between regions, states or municipalities. It does not affect the total number of inhabitants in a country, but it does change the regions involved in this process. In Brazil, economic factors exert the greatest influence on migratory flows, as the capitalist production model creates privileged areas for industries, forcing people to move from one place to another in search of better living conditions and jobs to meet their basic survival needs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Migração interna no Brasil |url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/brasil/migracao-interna-no-brasil.htm |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Brasil Escola}}</ref> 

Some examples of internal migration in Brazil occurred in the 1960s, when the [[Drought in Northeastern Brazil|droughts]] devastated the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] of Brazil, leading thousands of people to abandon their homes in the Brazilian hinterland due to the lack of agricultural alternatives and social policies in the region. At the end of the 19th century, northeasterners migrated to the [[North Region, Brazil|North]] of Brazil because of the rubber cycle. 
In the 1970s, migrants from the Northeast and the [[South Region, Brazil|South]] left in search of a better life in the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]], Brazil's only industrial center at the time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secas do Nordeste |url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historiab/secas-nordeste.htm |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Brasil Escola}}</ref>

===Italy===
{{main|Internal migration in Italy}}
[[Image:Castello Enna2.jpg|thumb|[[Castello di Lombardia]], [[Enna]], [[Sicily]]]]
[[File:Centrale termica falck.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Falck Group|Falck steelworks]] in [[Sesto San Giovanni]], in [[Lombardy]], [[Italy]]]]

The oldest [[internal migration in Italy]] goes back to the 11th century when soldiers and settlers from [[Northern Italy]] (at the time collectively called "Lombardy"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/lombardo/|title=Lombardo|accessdate=15 April 2022|work=treccani.it|language=it}}</ref>), settled the central and eastern part of [[Sicily]] during the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]]. After the marriage between the Norman king [[Roger I of Sicily]] with [[Adelaide del Vasto]], member of [[Aleramici]] family, many Lombard colonisers left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]], to settle on the island of Sicily.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323|title=The Society of Norman Italy|author1=Graham A. Loud|author2=Alex Metcalfe|date=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125418}}</ref><ref>These Lombard colonisers were native northern Italians and should not be confused with the Germanic tribe the [[Lombards]], who were referred to as ''longobardi'' to distinguish them from the Italians of the region who were known as ''lombardi''.</ref> The migration of people from Northern Italy to Sicily continued until the end of the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Fiorenzo Toso |title = Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia |publisher = Il Mulino |year = 2008 |page = 137 |isbn = 978-88-15-12677-1|language=it}}</ref> In the same period people from Northern Italy also emigrated to [[Basilicata]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicola De Blasi|title=L'italiano in Basilicata: una storia della lingua dal Medioevo a oggi|page=30|publisher=Il Salice|year=1994|language=it}}</ref> It is believed that the population of Northern Italy who immigrated to Sicily during these centuries was altogether about 200,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.milanocittastato.it/evergreen/forse-non-sapevi-che/i-paesi-della-sicilia-dove-si-parla-lombardo/|title=I PAESI della SICILIA dove si parla LOMBARDO|date=23 October 2021 |accessdate=5 April 2022|language=it}}</ref> Their descendants, who are still present in Sicily today, are called [[Lombards of Sicily]]. Following these ancient migrations, in some municipalities of Sicily and Basilicata, dialects of northern origin are still spoken today, the [[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]] and the [[Gallo-Italic of Basilicata]]. 

With the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|fall of Fascist regime]] in 1943, and the end of World War II in 1945, a large internal migratory flow began from one Italian region to another. This internal emigration was sustained and constantly increased by the [[Italian economic miracle|economic growth that Italy experienced]] between the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name="uniud">{{cite web|url=https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|title=Una indagine CATI per lo studio della mobilità interna in Italia in un'ottica longitudinale|access-date=8 February 2018|language=it|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420020548/https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Given that this economic growth mostly concerned [[Northwest Italy]], which was involved in the birth of many industrial activities, migratory phenomena affected the peasants of the [[Triveneto]] and [[southern Italy]], who began to move in large numbers.<ref name="uniud" /> Other areas of northern Italy were also affected by emigration such as the rural areas of [[Mantua]] and [[Cremona]]. The destinations of these emigrants were mainly [[Milan]], [[Turin]], [[Varese]], [[Como]], [[Lecco]], and [[Brianza]].<ref name="americacallsitaly">{{cite web |url= http://www.americacallsitaly.org/emigrazioni/migrazioneinterna.htm |title=Emigrazione interna italiana |access-date=8 February 2018 |language=it}}</ref> The rural population of the aforementioned areas began to emigrate to the large industrial centers of the north-west, especially in the so-called "industrial triangle, or the area corresponding to the three-sided polygon with vertices in the cities of Turin, Milan and [[Genoa]].<ref name="uniud" /><ref name="salogentis">{{cite web |url= http://www.salogentis.it/2012/11/16/lemigrazione-interna-italiana-negli-anni-50-e-60/ |title=L'emigrazione interna italiana negli anni '50 e '60 |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=8 February 2018 |language=it}}</ref> Even some cities in central and southern Italy (such as [[Rome]], which was the object of immigration due to employment in the administrative and tertiary sectors) experienced a conspicuous immigration flow.<ref name="uniud" /> 

These migratory movements were accompanied by other flows of lesser intensity, such as transfers from the countryside to smaller cities and travel from mountainous areas to the plains.<ref name="uniud" /> The main reasons that gave rise to this massive migratory flow were linked to the living conditions in the places of origin of the emigrants (which were very harsh), the absence of stable work,<ref name="salogentis" /><ref name="americacallsitaly" /> the high rate of poverty, the poor fertility of many agricultural areas, the fragmentation of land properties,<ref name="MacDonald" /> which characterized southern Italy above all, and the insecurity caused by [[organized crime in Italy|organized crime]].<ref name="americacallsitaly" /> Overall, the Italians who moved from southern to northern Italy amounted to 4 million.<ref name="uniud" /> The migratory flow from the countryside to the big cities also contracted and then stopped in the 1980s.<ref name="uniud" /> At the same time, migratory movements towards medium-sized cities and those destined for small-sized villages increased.<ref name="uniud" />