Editing Design (section)

===Action-centric model===
The action-centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the rational model.<ref name="Ralph 2010"/> It posits that:

# Designers use [[creativity]] and [[emotion]] to generate design candidates.
# The design process is [[Improvisation|improvised]].
# No universal sequence of stages is apparent&nbsp;– analysis, design, and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked.<ref name="Ralph 2010"/>

The action-centric perspective is based on an [[Empiricism|empiricist philosophy]] and broadly consistent with the [[Agile software development|agile approach]]<ref name=Beck/> and methodical development.<ref name=Truex/> Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers.<ref name=Cross/> Like the rational model, the action-centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Faste |first1=Trygve |last2=Faste |first2=Haakon |date=2012-08-15 |title=Demystifying "design research": design is not research, research is design |url=https://www.idsa.org/sites/default/files/Faste.pdf |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Industrial Designers Society of America |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819163610/https://www.idsa.org/sites/default/files/Faste.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both involve these three basic activities:
* In the [[Reflective practice|reflection-in-action paradigm]], designers alternate between "[[Framing (social sciences)|framing]]", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process may lead to further moves in the design.<ref name="Schön 1983" />
* In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. [[Sensemaking (information science)|Sensemaking]] includes both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the process where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the design object based on its mental picture of the context, and vice versa".<ref name="Ralph 2010" />

The concept of the [[design cycle]] is understood as a circular time structure,<ref>Fischer, Thomas "Design Enigma. A typographical metaphor for enigmatic processes, including designing", in: T. Fischer, K. De Biswas, J.J. Ham, R. Naka, W.X. Huang, ''Beyond Codes and Pixels: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia'', p. 686</ref> which may start with the thinking of an idea, then expressing it by the use of visual or verbal means of communication (design tools), the sharing and perceiving of the expressed idea, and finally starting a new cycle with the critical rethinking of the perceived idea. Anderson points out that this concept emphasizes the importance of the means of expression, which at the same time are means of perception of any design ideas.<ref>Anderson, Jane (2011) ''Architectural Design'', Basics Architecture 03, Lausanne, AVA academia, p. 40. {{ISBN|978-2-940411-26-9}}.</ref>