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===Genetic=== A number of genes have been associated with eczema, one of which affects production of [[filaggrin]].<ref name=Mc2012/> Genome-wide studies found three new [[copy-number variation|genetic variants]] associated with eczema: OVOL1, ACTL9 and IL4-KIF3A.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paternoster L, Standl M, Chen CM, Ramasamy A, Bønnelykke K, Duijts L, etal | title = Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies three new risk loci for atopic dermatitis | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 187–192 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22197932 | pmc = 3272375 | doi = 10.1038/ng.1017 }}</ref> Eczema occurs about three times more frequently in individuals with [[celiac disease]] and about two times more frequently in relatives of those with celiac disease, potentially indicating a [[Heredity|genetic]] link between the conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caproni M, Bonciolini V, D'Errico A, Antiga E, Fabbri P | title = Celiac disease and dermatologic manifestations: many skin clue to unfold gluten-sensitive enteropathy | journal = Gastroenterology Research and Practice | volume = 2012 | pages = 952753 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22693492 | pmc = 3369470 | doi = 10.1155/2012/952753 | publisher = Hindawi Publishing Corporation | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciacci C, Cavallaro R, Iovino P, Sabbatini F, Palumbo A, Amoruso D, Tortora R, Mazzacca G | title = Allergy prevalence in adult celiac disease | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 113 | issue = 6 | pages = 1199–1203 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15208605 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.03.012 }}</ref>
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