Editing Demographics of Tunisia (section)

== Ethnic groups ==
{{Pie chart|caption=Ethnic groups in Tunisia<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":0"/>|color1=DarkGreen|label1=[[Arabs]]|value1=98|label2=[[Berbers]]|color2=Yellow|value2=1|label3=Others|value3=1|color3=LightBlue}}
The majority of the population of Tunisia is made up of [[Arabs]] (98% of the population).<ref name="auto"/> The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the [[Berbers]], who currently make up 1% of the population, and were ultimately conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century.<ref name=":0"/> There was a continuing inflow of nomadic [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribes]] to the [[Maghreb]] from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] since the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century.<ref name="stearns">{{cite book |last1=Stearns |first1=Peter N. |title=The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |last2=Leonard Langer |first2=William |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-395-65237-4 |edition=6 |pages=129–131}}</ref>

Whilst the Ottoman influence has been particularly significant in forming the [[Turks in Tunisia|Turco-Tunisian]] community, other peoples have also migrated to Tunisia during different periods of time, including Sub-Saharan Africans, [[Greeks]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Phoenicians]] ([[Punic]]s), [[Jews]], and French settlers. The Tunisian, by 1870 the distinction between the Arabic-speaking mass and the Turkish elite had blurred.<ref>{{citation|last=Green|first=Arnold H.|year=1978|title=The Tunisian Ulama 1873–1915: Social Structure and Response to Ideological Currents|publisher=BRILL|page=69|isbn=978-90-04-05687-9}}</ref> There is also a small Berber (1% at most)<ref name=":1"/> population located in the Dahar mountains and on the island of [[Djerba]] in the south-east and in the [[Khroumire]] mountainous region in the north-west.

From the late 19th century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of [[French people|French]] and [[Italian Tunisians|Italians]] (255,000 [[European Tunisians|Europeans]] in 1956),<ref>{{cite book|author=Angus Maddison|title=Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeWy7a6nAHcC&pg=PA214|access-date=26 January 2013|date=20 September 2007|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-922721-1|page=214}}</ref> although nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became independent. The [[history of the Jews in Tunisia]] goes back some 2,000 years. In 1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000, but by 2013 only about 900 remained.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/tunisjews.html |title=The Jews of Tunisia |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

After the [[Reconquista]] and expulsion of non-Christians and [[Morisco]]s from Spain, many Spanish [[Muslims]] and Jews also arrived. According to Matthew Carr, "As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia Alley."<ref>{{Cite book | last = Carr | first = Matthew | title = Blood and faith: the purging of Muslim Spain | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=netlOtzI6R8C&pg=PA290 | publisher = The New Press | year = 2009 | page = 290 | isbn = 978-1-59558-361-1 }}</ref>

===Genetics===
{{further|Genetic history of North Africa}}
[[File:HG J1 (ADN-Y).PNG|thumb|Geographical frequency distribution of [[Haplogroup J-M267|Haplogroup J1]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sakshi |last2=Singh |first2=Ashish |last3=Rajkumar |first3=Raja |last4=Sampath Kumar |first4=Katakam |last5=Kadarkarai Samy |first5=Subburaj |last6=Nizamuddin |first6=Sheikh |last7=Singh |first7=Amita |last8=Ahmed Sheikh |first8=Shahnawaz |last9=Peddada |first9=Vidya |last10=Khanna |first10=Vinee |last11=Veeraiah |first11=Pandichelvam |last12=Pandit |first12=Aridaman |last13=Chaubey |first13=Gyaneshwer |last14=Singh |first14=Lalji |last15=Thangaraj |first15=Kumarasamy |date=12 January 2016 |title=Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |pages=19157 |doi=10.1038/srep19157 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4709632 |pmid=26754573|bibcode=2016NatSR...619157S }}</ref>]]
Tunisians mainly carry [[Haplogroup J-M267|haplogroup J1]] (34.2%) and [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|haplogroup E]] (55%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 May 2016 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414212524/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cruciani|first=Fulvio|date=May 2004|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|url= |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74| issue = 5|pages=1014–1022|doi=10.1086/386294|pmid=15042509|display-authors=etal|pmc=1181964}}</ref><ref name="Bhatia">{{cite book |author=Tej K. Bhatia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C |title=The Handbook of Bilingualism |author2=William C. Ritchie |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0631227359 |page=860 |access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>

"In fact, the Tunisian genetic distances to European samples are smaller than those to North African groups. (...) This could be explained by the history of the Tunisian population, reflecting the influence of the ancient Punic settlers of [[Carthage]] followed, among others, by Roman, Byzantine, Arab and French occupations, according to historical records. Notwithstanding, other explanations cannot be discarded, such as the relative heterogeneity within current Tunisian populations, and/or the limited sub-Saharan genetic influence in this region as compared with other North African areas, without excluding the possibility of the [[genetic drift]], whose effect might be particularly amplified on the X chromosome.",<ref>[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n5/abs/5201797a.html The X chromosome Alu insertions as a tool for human population genetics: data from European and African human groups], Athanasiadis et al. 2007</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomas C, Sanchez JJ, Barbaro A |title=X-chromosome SNP analyses in 11 human Mediterranean populations show a high overall genetic homogeneity except in North-west Africans (Moroccans) |journal=BMC Evol. Biol. |volume=8|pages=75 |year=2008 |issue=1 |pmid=18312628 |pmc=2315647 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-75 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...75T |quote=Tunisians did not show a significant level of differentiation with northern populations as mentioned by others|display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref>

However, other research has suggested instead that Tunisians exhibit a mostly indigenous North African ancestral component similar to other Northwest African populations; characterized by a high amount of native Northwest African genes, but with higher Middle Eastern input than in Algeria or Morocco.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4137738|title=Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=56|issue=10|pages=734–741|last1=Benammar-Elgaaïed|first1=Amel|last2=Larruga|first2=José M.|last3=Cabrera|first3=Vicente M.|last4=Mahmoudi|first4=Hejer Abdallah El|last5=González|first5=Ana M.|last6=Khodjet-El-Khil|first6=Houssein|last7=Fregel|first7=Rosa|last8=Ennafaa|first8=Hajer|year=2011|doi=10.1038/jhg.2011.92|pmid=21833004|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Y-Chromosome====
Listed here are the [[human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups]] in Tunisia.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bekada | first1 = A | last2 = Fregel | first2 = R | last3 = Cabrera | first3 = VM | last4 = Larruga | first4 = JM | last5 = Pestano | first5 = J |display-authors=et al | year = 2013 | title = Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2| page = e56775 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 | pmid=23431392 | pmc=3576335| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856775B | doi-access = free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Haplogroup
! Marker
! Tunisia
|-
| n
| 
| 601
|-
| B
| 
| {{percentage bar|0.17}}
|-
| E1a
| M33
| {{percentage bar|0.5}}
|-
| E1b1a
| M2
| {{percentage bar|0.67}}
|-
| E1b1b1
| M35
| {{percentage bar|1.66}}
|-
| E1b1b1a3
| V22
| {{percentage bar|3}}
|-
| E1b1b1a4
| V65
| {{percentage bar|3.16}}
|-
| E1b1b1b
| M81
| {{percentage bar|62.73}}
|-
| E1b1b1c
| M34
| {{percentage bar|1.16}}
|-
| F
| M89
| {{percentage bar|2.66}}
|-
| G
| M201
| {{percentage bar|0.17}}
|-
| I
| 
| {{percentage bar|0.17}}
|-
| J1
| 
| {{percentage bar|16.64}}
|-
| J2
| 
| {{percentage bar|2.83}}
|-
| K
| 
| {{percentage bar|0.33}}
|-
| P,R
| 
| {{percentage bar|0.33}}
|-
| R1a1
| 
| {{percentage bar|0.5}}
|-
| R1b1a
| V88
| {{percentage bar|1.83}}
|-
| R1b1b
| M269
| {{percentage bar|0.33}}
|-
| T
| M70
| {{percentage bar|1.16}}
|}