Editing Demographics of Cuba (section)

==Racial groups==
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50"|Year 
! width="50pt"| [[White Cubans|White]]
! width="50pt"| [[Multiracial]]  ([[Mullato|Mulatos/Mestizos]])
! width="50pt"| [[Afro-Cubans|Black]]
|-
| align="right" | 2002<ref name="one.cu"/>
| align="right" | 65.06%
| align="right" | 24.86%
| align="right" | 10.08%
|-
| align="right" | 2012<ref name="one.cu"/>
| align="right" | 64.12%
| align="right" | 26.62%
| align="right" | 9.26%
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Race
! colspan="2" |census 1774<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas |url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050600/http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf |website=Cuba Statistics and Information |pages=17–18|archive-date=2022-01-21 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |census 1792
! colspan="2" |census 1817
! colspan="2" |census 1827
! colspan="2" |census 1841
! colspan="2" |census 1861
! colspan="2" |census 1877
! colspan="2" |census 1887
! colspan="2" |census 1899
! colspan="2" |census 1907
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|[[Cubans|White Cubans]]
| align="right" |96,440
| align="right" |56.2
| align="right" |133,553
| align="right" |48.8
| align="right" |238,910
| align="right" |43.2
| align="right" |311,051
| align="right" |44.2
| align="right" |418,291
| align="right" |41.5
| align="right" |793,484
| align="right" |58.1
| align="right" |981,039
| align="right" |65.0
| align="right" |1,102,889
| align="right" |68.5
| align="right" |1,052,397
| align="right" |66.9
| align="right" |1,428,176
| align="right" |69.7
|-
|[[Afro-Cubans]]
| align="right" |50,249
| align="right" |29.3
| align="right" |94,380
| align="right" |34.4
| align="right" |221,766
| align="right" |40.1
| rowspan="2" |393,436
| rowspan="2" |55.8
| align="right" |490,305
| align="right" |48.7
| rowspan="2" |537,914
| rowspan="2" |39.4
| rowspan="2" |481,136
| rowspan="2" |31.9
| rowspan="2" |482,176
| rowspan="2" |30.0
| align="right" |234,738
| align="right" |14.9
| align="right" |274,272
| align="right" |13.4
|-
|[[Mestizo]]
| align="right" |24,931
| align="right" |14.5
| align="right" |46,046
| align="right" |16.8
| align="right" |92,357
| align="right" |16.7
| align="right" |99,028
| align="right" |9.8
| align="right" |270,805
| align="right" |17.2
| align="right" |334,695
| align="right" |16.3
|-
|[[Asian people|Asian]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="right" |34,834
| align="right" |2.5
| align="right" |47,116
| align="right" |3.1
| align="right" |24,010
| align="right" |1.5
| align="right" |14,857
| align="right" |1.0
| align="right" |11,837
| align="right" |0.6
|-
!Total
! colspan="2" |171,620
! colspan="2" |273,979
! colspan="2" |553,033
! colspan="2" |704,487
! colspan="2" |1,007,624
! colspan="2" |1,366,232
! colspan="2" |1,509,291
! colspan="2" |1,609,075
! colspan="2" |1,572,797
! colspan="2" |2,048,980
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Race
! colspan="2" |census 1919
! colspan="2" |census 1931
! colspan="2" |census 1943
! colspan="2" |census 1953
! colspan="2" |census 1981
! colspan="2" |census 2002
! colspan="2" |census 2012
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|[[Cubans|White Cubans]]
| align="right" |2,088,047
| align="right" |72.2
| align="right" |2,856,956
| align="right" |72.1
| align="right" |3,553,312
| align="right" |74.3
| align="right" |4,243,956
| align="right" |72.8
| align="right" |6,415,468
| align="right" |66.0
| align="right" |7,271,926
| align="right" |65.06
| align="right" |7,160,399
| align="right" |64.12
|-
|[[Mestizo]]
| align="right" |461,694
| align="right" |16.0
| align="right" |641,337
| align="right" |16.2
| align="right" |743,113
| align="right" |15.6
| align="right" |843,105
| align="right" |12.4
| align="right" |2,125,418
| align="right" |21.9
| align="right" |2,658,675
| align="right" |24.86
| align="right" |2,972,882
| align="right" |26.62
|-
|[[Afro-Cubans]]
| align="right" |323,117
| align="right" |11.2
| align="right" |437,769
| align="right" |11.0
| align="right" |463,227
| align="right" |9.7
| align="right" |725,311
| align="right" |14.5
| align="right" |1,168,695
| align="right" |12.0
| align="right" |1,126,894
| align="right" |10.08
| align="right" |1,034,044
| align="right" |9.26
|-
|[[Asian people|Asian]]
| align="right" |16,146
| align="right" |0.6
| align="right" |26,282
| align="right" |0.7
| align="right" |18,931
| align="right" |0.4
| align="right" |16,657
| align="right" |0.3
| align="right" |14,024
| align="right" |0.1
| align="right" |112,268
| align="right" |1.02
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
!Total
! colspan="2" |2,889,004
! colspan="2" |3,962,344
! colspan="2" |4,778,583
! colspan="2" |5,829,029
! colspan="2" |9,723,605
! colspan="2" |11,177,743
! colspan="2" |11,167,325
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
! width="50pt"|Age group
! width="50pt"|Cuba 100% (percent of the population) 
! width="50pt"|White 64,12% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
! width="50pt"|Black 9,26% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
! width="50pt"|Mulatto/Mestizo 26,62% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
|-
| Population ||11 167 325||7 160 399||1 034 044||2 972 882
|-
| ''0'' ||''131 419 (1,18%)''||''91 432 (1,28%/69,57%)''||''5 368 (0,52%/4,08%)''||''34 619 (1,16%/26,34%)''
|-
| 0-4 ||625 192 (5,60%)||412 604 (5,76%/66,00%)||31 828 (3,08%/5,09%)||180 760 (6,08%/28,91%)
|-
| 5-9 ||594 099 (5,32%)||372 304 (5,20%/62,67%)||38 481 (3,72%/6,48%)||183 314 (6,17%/30,86%)
|-
| 10-14 ||703 271 (6,30%)||439 406 (6,14%/62,48%)||52 121 (5,04%/7,41%)||211 744 (7,12%/30,11%)
|-
| 15-19 ||704 126 (6,31%)||434 944 (6,07%/61,77%)||57 638 (5,57%/8,19%)||211 544 (7,12%/30,04%)
|-
| 20-24 ||826 658 (7,40%)||511 488 (7,14%/61,87%)||71 570 (6,92%/8,66%)||243 600 (8,19%/29,47%)
|-
| 25-29 ||755 729 (6,77%)||463 004 (6,47%/61,27%)||69 282 (6,70%/9,17%)||223 443 (7,52%/29,57%)
|-
| 30-34 ||623 480 (5,58%)||380 742 (5,32%/61,07%)||61 368 (5,93%/9,84%)||181 370 (6,10%/29,09%)
|-
| 35-39 ||838 631 (7,51%)||520 668 (7,27%/62,09%)||82 640 (7,99%/9,85%)||235 323 (7,92%/28,06%)
|-
| 40-44 ||1 015 022 (9,09%)||635 473 (8,87%/62,61%)||103 827 (10,04%/10,23%)||275 722 (9,27%/27,16%)
|-
| 45-49 ||1 041 213 (9,32%)||662 297 (9,25%/63,61%)||111 934 (10,82%/10,75%)||266 982 (8,98%/25,64%)
|-
| 50-54 ||774 499 (6,94%)||492 046 (6,87%/63,53%)||85 145 (8,23%/10,99%)||197 308 (6,64%/25,48%)
|-
| 55-59 ||624 013 (5,59%)||401 361 (5,61%/64,32%)||68 511 (6,63%/10,98%)||154 141 (5,18%/24,70%)
|-
| 60-64 ||564 635 (5,06%)||383 286 (5,35%/67,88%)||58 247 (5,63%/10,32%)||123 102 (4,14%/21,80%)
|-
| 65-69 ||480 917 (4,31%)||335 144 (4,68%/69,69%)||46 826 (4,53%/9,74%)||98 947 (3,33%/20,57%)
|-
| 70-74 ||380 897 (3,41%)||269 331 (3,76%/70,71%)||36 701 (3,55%/9,64%)||74 865 (2,52%/19,65%)
|-
| 75-79 ||264 923 (2,37%)||188 653 (2,63%/71,21%)||25 867 (2,50%/9,76%)||50 403 (1,70%/19,03%)
|-
| 80-84 ||179 670 (1,61%)||131 158 (1,83%/73,00%)||17 011 (1,65%/9,47%)||31 501 (1,06%/17,53%)
|-
| 85+ ||170 350 (1,53%)||126 490 (1,77%/74,25%)||15 047 (1,46%/8,83%)||28 813 (0,97%/16,91%)
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80"|Cuba (percent of the population) 
! width="80"|White (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
! width="80"|Black (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
! width="80"|Mulatto/Mestizo (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
|-
| align="right" | 0-14
| align="right" | 1 922 562 (17,22%)
| align="right" | 1 224 314 (17,10%/63,68%)
| align="right" | 122 430 (11,84%/6,37%)
| align="right" | 575 818 (19,37%/29,95%)
|-
| align="right" | 15-64
| align="right" | 7 768 006 (69,56%)
| align="right" | 4 885 309 (68,23%/62,89%)
| align="right" | 770 162 (74,48%/9,91%)
| align="right" | 2 112 535 (71,06%/27,20%)
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 1 476 757 (13,22%)
| align="right" | 1 050 776 (14,67%/71,15%)
| align="right" | 141 452 (13,68%/9,58%)
| align="right" | 284 529 (9,57%/19,27%)
|-
|}

===Ancestral origins===
{{Main|Spanish immigration to Cuba}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=9| Official census 1775-1899<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/CCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|title=Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899 :: Census of Cuba 1899|website=Digital.tcl.sc.edu|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>
|-----
!colspan=3|White
!colspan=3|Non-white
|-----
! Census
! Number
! Percentage
! Number
! Percentage
|-----
|1775||96,440||56.2||75,180||43.8
|-----
|1792||153,559||56.4||118,741||43.6
|-----
|1817||257,380||45.0||314,983||55.0
|-----
|1827||311,051||44.2||393,435||55.8
|-----
|1841||418,291||41.5||589,333||58.5
|-----
|1861||793,484||56.8||603,046||43.2
|-----
|1877 ||1,023,394||67.8||485,897||32.2
|-----
|1887||1,102,889||67.6||528,798||32.4
|-----
|1899 ||1,067,354||67.9||505,443||32.1
|}
According to the previous censuses, the [[Chinese Cuban|Chinese]] were counted as white.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/CCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|title=Report on the Census of Cuba, Census of Cuba 1899|website=Digital.tcl.sc.edu|access-date=5 April 2020|pages=81}}</ref>
The ancestry of Cubans comes from many sources:

*{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish people|Spanish]]

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Spanish immigrants from [[Canary Islands]], [[Catalonia]], [[Andalusia]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], and [[Asturias]] emigrated to Cuba. Between 1820 and 1898, a total of 508,455 people left Spain, and more than 750,000 Spanish immigrants left for Cuba between 1899 and 1930, with many returning to Spain.<ref name="La inmigración entre 1902 y 1920">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tau.ac.il/eial/IV_2/bejarano.htm|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012091733/http://eial.tau.ac.il/index.php/eial|url-status=dead|title=EIAL IV2 - La inmigración a Cuba: 1902-1933|archivedate=12 October 2017|website=www.tau.ac.il}}</ref> There are 139,851 Spanish citizens living in Cuba as of 1 January 2018.

* {{Flagicon|Canary Islands}} [[Canary Islanders]]
* {{Flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Catalans]]
* {{Flagicon|Andalusia}} [[Andalusians]]
* {{Flagicon|Galicia}} [[Galicians]]
* {{Flagicon|Asturias}} [[Asturians]]

The Slave trade brought Africans to Cuba during its early history:
Between 1842 and 1873, 221,000 African slaves entered Cuba.<ref name="La inmigración entre 1902 y 1920"/>

*[[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|15px]] [[Black people|Africans]]

People of the Americas:
*{{Flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haitians]]
*{{Flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaicans]]

Other European people that have contributed include:

*{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German people|Germans]]
*{{Flagicon|France}} [[French people|French]]
*{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian people|Italians]]
*{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian people|Russians]]

People from Asia:
*{{Flagicon|China}} [[Chinese Cubans|Chinese]]
*{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Korean Cubans|Koreans]]
*{{Flagicon|Philippines}} [[Filipino Cubans|Filipino]]
*{{Flagicon|Lebanon}} Lebanese, {{Flagicon|Syria}} Syrian, {{Flagicon|Egypt}} Egyptian, {{Flagicon|Palestine}} Palestinian ([[Arab Cubans]])
Between 1842 and 1873, 124,800 Chinese arrived.<ref name="La inmigración entre 1902 y 1920"/>

===Genetics===

An autosomal study from 2014 has found out the genetic average ancestry in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Native American with different proportions depending on the self-reported ancestry (White, Mulatto or Mestizo, and Black):<ref>Marcheco-Teruel et al. 2014, [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004488#pgen-1004488-g001 Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers]</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%;"
! Self-reported ancestry
! European
! African
! Native American
|-
| White||86%||6.7%||7.8%
|-
| Mulatto/Mestizo||63.8%||25.5%||10.7%
|-
| Black||29%||65.5%||5.5%
|-
|}

A 1995 study done on the population of Pinar del Rio, found that 50% of the [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|Mt-DNA lineages]]  (female lineages) could be traced back to Europeans, 46% to Africans and 4% to Native Americans. This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region, and the current demographics of it.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=310–7 |doi=10.1002/humu.1380050407 |title=African, Native American, and European mitochondrial DNAs in Cubans from Pinar del Rio Province and implications for the recent epidemic neuropathy in Cuba |year=1995 |last1=Torroni |first1=Antonio |last2=Brown |first2=Michael D. |last3=Lott |first3=Marie T. |last4=Newman |first4=Nancy J. |last5=Wallace |first5=Douglas C. |journal=Human Mutation |volume=5 |issue=4 |pmid=7627185|s2cid=24434505 }}</ref>

According to another study in 2008, the Native American contribution to present-day Cubans accounted for 33% of the maternal lineages, whereas Africa and Eurasia contributed 45% and 22% of the lineages, respectively. Haplogroup A2 is the main Native American haplogroup in Cuba (21.9% of the total sample), accounting for 67% of the Native American mtDNA gene pool. Regarding [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-chromosome haplogroups]] (male lineages), 78.8% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin, 19.7% of African origin and 1.5% of East Asian origin. Among the West Eurasian fraction, the vast majority of individuals belong to West European [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R1b]]. The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western (haplogroups [[Haplogroup E1 (Y-DNA)|E1]], [[Haplogroup E2 (Y-DNA)|E2]], [[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]]) and Northern ([[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)#E1b1b1b .28E-L19.2FV257.29|E1b1b-M81]]) African origin. The "[[Berber people|Berber]]" haplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), is found at a frequency of 6.1%.<ref>Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies found in Cuba (132 individuals) grouped according to their phylogeographic origin {{cite journal | pmc=2492877 | pmid=18644108 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213 | volume=8 | title=Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba | year=2008 | journal=BMC Evol. Biol. | pages=213 | last1 = Mendizabal | first1 = I | last2 = Sandoval | first2 = K | last3 = Berniell-Lee | first3 = G | issue=1 |display-authors=et al | doi-access=free | bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..213M }}</ref>

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that autochthonous male North African E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fregel | first1 = Rosa | last2 = Gomes | first2 = Verónica | last3 = Gusmão | first3 = Leonor | last4 = González | first4 = Ana M | last5 = Cabrera | first5 = Vicente M | last6 = Amorim | first6 = António | last7 = Larruga | first7 = Jose M  | year = 2009 | title = Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | page = 181 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 | pmid = 19650893 | pmc=2728732|display-authors=etal | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009BMCEE...9..181F }}</ref>

====Y-DNA====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%;"
! N<ref name="biomedcentral.com">Mendizabal et al (2008).[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/213 Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba]</ref>
! E-M33
! E-M75
! E-M2
! E1b1b-M35
! E1b1b-M78
! E1b1b-M81
! E1b1b-M123
! G
! I
! J2
! T
! R1a
! R1b
! N/O
! O-P31
|-
| 132||0.8%||1.5%||9.8%||1.5%||4.5%||6.1%||1.5%||6.1%||8.3%||6.1%||1.5%||1.5%||50.8%||0.8%||0.8%
|-
|}

====mtDNA====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%;"
! N<ref name="biomedcentral.com"/>
! L
! U6
! A
! B
! C
! D
! H
! I1
! J*
! J2a
! J1b
! J2
! K
! T*
! T1a
! T2
! T
! U*
! U4
! U4a2
! U5a
! V
! W
|-
| 245||43.3%||2%||22.4%||2%||5.3%||3.3%||9%||0.4%||2.4%||0.4%||0.4%||0.4%||0.8%||0.4%||0.8%||0.8%||0.8%||0.8%||0.8%||1.2%||0.8%||0.8%||0.4%
|-
|}