Editing Dehydrogenase (section)

=== NAD<sup>+</sup> ===
[[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide|NAD<sup>+</sup>]], or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a dinucleotide, containing two nucleotides.  One of the nucleotides it contains is an adenine group, while the other is nicotinamide.  In order to reduce this molecule, a hydrogen and two electrons must be added to the 6-carbon ring of nicotinamide; one electron is added to the carbon opposite the positively charged nitrogen, causing a rearrangement of bonds within the ring to give nitrogen more electrons; it will lose its positive charge as a result. The other electron is "stolen" from an additional hydrogen, leaving the hydrogen ion in solution.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>Reduction of NAD<sup>+</sup>: NAD<sup>+</sup> + 2H<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> ↔ NADH + H<sup>+</sup></blockquote>NAD<sup>+</sup> is mostly used in catabolic pathways, such as [[Glycolysis cycle|glycolysis]], that break down energy molecules to produce ATP. The ratio of NAD<sup>+</sup> to NADH is kept very high in the cell, keeping it readily available to act as an oxidizing agent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Molecular Biology of the Cell|last1 = Alberts|first1 = B|publisher = Garland Science|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0-8153-3218-3|location = New York|last2 = Johnson|first2 = A|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26838/#A273|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Ying|first=Weihai|s2cid=42000527|date=2008-02-01|title=NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in cellular functions and cell death: regulation and biological consequences|journal=Antioxidants & Redox Signaling|volume=10|issue=2|pages=179–206|doi=10.1089/ars.2007.1672|issn=1523-0864|pmid=18020963}}</ref> 
[[File:NADP+ phys alt.svg|thumb|196x196px|Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate]]