Editing Dalmatia (section)

===Early modern period===
{{See also|Venetian Dalmatia|Republic of Ragusa|Hvar rebellion|Illyrian Provinces}}
[[File:Kingdom of Croatia 1469.png|thumb|Dalmatia divided between [[Venetian Dalmatia]] and the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom in 1469.]]
[[File:Eastern Adriatic 1558.svg|thumb|Dalmatia divided between Venetian Dalmatia and the Ottoman Empire in 1558.]]
[[File:Bosanski pašaluk 1600. godine.png|thumb|right|Dalmatia divided between Venetian Dalmatia and the Ottoman [[Bosnia Eyalet]] in 1600.]]
[[File:Map of Ragusa.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the [[Republic of Ragusa]], dated 1678.]]

Dalmatia was first and finally sold to the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1409 but [[Venetian Dalmatia]] was not fully consolidated until 1420.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/xdalmatia.html|title=Dalmatia history|access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> The Republic of Venice in 1420 controlled the coastal part of Dalmatia and the islands, with the southern [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]], the Bay of [[Kotor]], being called [[Venetian Albania]]. [[Venetian language|Venetian]] was the commercial ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] at that time, and it heavily influenced Dalmatian and to a lesser degree coastal [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ([[Chakavian]]) and [[Albanian language|Albanian]].

The southern city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became de facto independent in 1358 through the [[Treaty of Zadar]] when Venice relinquished its suzerainty over it to [[Louis I of Hungary]]. In 1481, Ragusa switched allegiance to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. This gave its tradesmen advantages such as access to the [[Black Sea]], and the Republic of Ragusa was the fiercest competitor to Venice's merchants in the 15th and 16th centuries. Originally, [[Latin]] was used in official documents of the Republic. [[Italian language|Italian]] came into use in the 1420s. Both languages were used in official correspondence by the Republic. The Republic was influenced by the [[Venetian language]] and the [[Tuscan dialect]].

In the early 16th century, most of the Dalmatian hinterland which was controlled by the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was lost to the Ottoman Empire by the 1520s which formed the [[Croatian vilayet]] that became incorporated into the [[Sanjak of Klis]] after the [[Siege of Klis]] (1537),{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=130–131, 146}} and decades later into the [[Bosnia Eyalet]].{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=141}} With the fall of the Hungarian-Venetian border in Dalmatia, [[Venetian Dalmatia]] now directly bordered with Ottoman Dalmatia. Venetians still perceived this inner hinterland as once part of Croatia, calling it as "Banadego" (lands of [[Ban (title)|Ban]] i.e. [[Banate (disambiguation)|Banate]]).{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=143}} The Republic of Venice was also one of the powers most hostile to the [[Ottoman Empire#Growth (1453–1683)|Ottoman Empire's expansion]], and participated in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|many wars against it]], but also promoted peace negotiations and cultural and religious coexistence and tolerance.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=142–144}}

Since the 16th century [[Slavicisation|Slavicized]] [[Vlachs]], [[Serbs]] and other South Slavs arrived both as [[martolos]] in Ottoman service and refugees fleeing from Ottoman territory to the [[Military Frontier]] and Venetian Dalmatia.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=142}}<ref>Traian Stoianovich; (1992), ''Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe: The First and Last Europe'' p. 152; Routledge, {{ISBN|1563240335}}</ref> As the Ottomans took control of the hinterland, many [[Christians]] took refuge in the coastal cities of Dalmatia. In Ottoman Dalmatia a number of people converted to Islam to attain freedom and privileges.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=142–143}} The border between the Dalmatian hinterland and the [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina]] greatly fluctuated until the [[Morean War]], when the Venetian capture of [[Knin]] and [[Sinj]] set much of the borderline at its near-current position, defined by the 'Linea [[Grimani family|Grimani]]' in the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] (1699).<ref name="Nazor-2002">{{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=45078|language=hr|title=Inhabitants of Poljica in the War of Morea (1684-1699)|journal=Povijesni prilozi|first=Ante|last=Nazor|volume=21|number=21|date=February 2002|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|issn=0351-9767|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Republic of Venice 1796.png|thumb|right|[[Venetian Dalmatia|Dalmatian possessions]] of the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1797.]]
After the [[Great Turkish War]] and the [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] (1718), which further solidified the Venetian-Ottoman border defined by the 'Linea [[House of Mocenigo|Mocenigo]]' (resembling the modern border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina), more peaceful times made Dalmatia experience a period of certain economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, with the re-establishment of trade and exchange with the hinterland. This period was abruptly interrupted with the [[fall of the Republic of Venice]] in 1797. [[Napoleon]]'s troops stormed the region and ended the independence of the Republic of Ragusa as well, saving it from occupation by the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro|Montenegro]].

In 1805, Napoleon created his [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] around the Adriatic Sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Kotor. In 1808, he annexed the just conquered Republic of Ragusa to the Kingdom. A year later, in 1809, he removed Venetian Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the [[Illyrian Provinces]], which were annexed to [[First French Empire|France]], and named [[Marshal General of France|Marshal General]] [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]] the Duke of Dalmatia.

Napoleon's rule in Dalmatia was marked with war and high taxation, which caused several rebellions. On the other hand, French rule greatly contributed to [[Illyrian movement]] (the first newspaper in Croatian was published then in Zadar, ''[[Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin]]''), the legal system and infrastructure were finally modernised somewhat in Dalmatia, and the educational system flourished. French rule brought a lot of improvements in infrastructure; many roads were built or reconstructed. Napoleon himself blamed [[Marshal of the Empire]] [[Auguste de Marmont]], the governor of Dalmatia, that too much money was spent. However, in 1813, the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] once again declared [[Napoleonic Wars|war]] on France and, by the following year, had restored control over Dalmatia.

From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side, as they did not have a genuine national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as "[[Dalmatian identity|Dalmatians]]", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/articoligiornali/artadriatico.htm| title = "L'Adriatico orientale e la sterile ricerca delle nazionalità delle persone" di Kristijan Knez; La Voce del Popolo (quotidiano di Fiume) del 2/10/2002 | access-date=25 April 2024|language=it}}</ref>