Editing Cyprus (section)

===Independence and inter-communal violence===
{{Main|Cyprus crisis of 1963–64}}
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| footer            = The first president of Cyprus, [[Makarios III]] (left), and the first vice-president of Cyprus, [[Fazıl Küçük]] (right)
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During British rule, the future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, [[Greek Cypriots]], who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and [[Turkish Cypriots]], who made up 18% of the population. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued ''[[enosis]]'', union with [[Greece]], which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faustmann |first1=Hubert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48 |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |last2=Ker-Lindsay |first2=James |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-03911-096-4 |page=48 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121228/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25 |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810862982 |page=25 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated the continuation of the British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a policy of ''[[Taksim (politics)|taksim]]'', the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimikliniotis |first1=Nicos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |title=Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-10080-1 |page=104 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121219/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Ethnographic distribution in Cyprus 1960.jpg|thumb|Ethnic map of Cyprus according to the 1960 census]]
Cyprus was [[London and Zürich Agreements|granted independence]] in 1960, following an armed campaign spearheaded by EOKA.<ref name="independence">[http://www.parliament.cy/parliamenteng/index.htm Cyprus date of independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613002758/http://www.parliament.cy/parliamenteng/index.htm|date=13 June 2006}} (click on Historical review)</ref> As per the [[Zürich and London Agreement]], Cyprus officially attained independence on 16 August 1960, and at the time had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.<ref name="Solsten2">[http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/21.htm Eric Solsten, ed. ''Cyprus: A Country Study''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100228/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/21.htm |date=11 May 2011}}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> The UK retained the two [[Sovereign Base Areas]] of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.

However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the [[Akritas plan]], which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan.<ref name="Solsten1">[http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm Eric Solsten, ed. ''Cyprus: A Country Study''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012050603/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm |date=12 October 2011}}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop [[Makarios&nbsp;III]] called for [[Zürich and London Agreement#13 Amendments proposed by Makarios III|constitutional changes]], which were rejected by Turkey<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006">{{cite book |author=Hoffmeister, Frank |title=Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher=EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC |isbn=978-90-04-15223-6 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123627/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|17–20}} and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.<ref name="Solsten1" />

Intercommunal violence [[Bloody Christmas (1963)|erupted]] on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364&nbsp;Turkish and 174&nbsp;Greek Cypriots,<ref>Oberling, Pierre. ''The road to Bellapais'' (1982), Social Science Monographs, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records%2C+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis. p.&nbsp;120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428082807/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records,+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis. |date=28 April 2023 }}: "According to official records, 364&nbsp;Turkish Cypriots and 174&nbsp;Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis."</ref> destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy;<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}} the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975716-9 |pages=35–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123104/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |url-status=live }}</ref> Turkish Cypriots started living in [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]]. The republic's structure was changed, unilaterally, by Makarios, and Nicosia was divided by the [[Green Line (Cyprus)|Green Line]], with the deployment of [[UNFICYP]] troops.<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}}

In 1964, Turkey threatened to invade Cyprus<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |work=BBC News |date=24 April 2004 |access-date=25 October 2009 |title=1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217190225/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |archive-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> in response to the continuing [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]], but this was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Johnson's 1964 letter to Inonu and Greek lobbying of the White House |author=Jacob M. Landau|publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations |year=1979}}</ref> Meanwhile, by 1964, ''enosis'' was a Greek policy and would not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] agreed that ''enosis'' should be the ultimate aim and King [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine]] wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking 1964–1986 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-67752-6 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125857/https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Bloody Christmas (1963)|crisis of 1963–64]] had brought further [[Cypriot intercommunal violence|intercommunal violence]] between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]]<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}}<ref name="Intercommunal Violence">{{cite web |date=21 December 1963 |title=U.S. Library of Congress – Country Studies – Cyprus – Intercommunal Violence |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135118/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |access-date=25 October 2009 |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic.