Editing Cyprian (section)

== Theology ==

=== Sacraments ===
Cyprian believed in [[infant baptism]] and [[infant communion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Maxwell E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBPODAAAQBAJ&dq=Cyprian+infant+baptism&pg=PT133 |title=The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation Revised and Expanded Edition |date=2016-03-24 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-6274-8 |language=en}}</ref> Cyprian, however, spoke against the efficacy of baptism performed by heretics and insisted on their rebaptism, and he believed that the Eucharist cannot be properly consecrated outside the Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kilmartin |first=Edward J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WI2gC7lFmC4C&dq=Cyprian+real+presence+Eucharist&pg=PA5 |title=The Eucharist in the West: History and Theology |date=1998-11-30 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-6204-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Stephen K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnQiVgUn728C&dq=Cyprian+peter+rock&pg=PA181 |title=Upon this Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-0-89870-723-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Cyprian was one of the earliest of the [[Church Fathers]] to enunciate clearly and unambiguously the doctrine of baptismal regeneration ("the idea that salvation happens at and by water baptism duly administered"): "While he attributed all the saving energy to the grace of God, he considered the 'laver of saving water' the instrument of God that makes a person 'born again,' receiving a new life and putting off what he had previously been. The 'water of new birth' animated him to new life by the Spirit of holiness working through it."{{sfn|Olson|1999|p=118}}

=== Church ===
Cyprian believed that the lapsed could be re-admitted to the Church after penance and he opposed the [[Novatianism|Novatians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AWoDQAAQBAJ&dq=Cyprian+lapsed&pg=PT80 |title=Volume 4: Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions |date=2016-12-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-87460-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Novatian and Novatianism |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11138a.htm |access-date=2022-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403211934/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11138a.htm |archive-date=3 April 2019 }}</ref>

Cyprian believed the see of Peter (Rome) is the direct heir of Peter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Stephen K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnQiVgUn728C&dq=Cyprian+peter+rock&pg=PA181 |title=Upon this Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-0-89870-723-6 |language=en}}</ref> While Cyprian believed that all the apostles were equal and that all the bishops followed the Apostles in succession, Cyprian emphasized the unity of the Church under a single ''cathedra'' (chair): "he [Jesus Christ] assigns a like power to all the apostles, yet he founded a single chair [''cathedra''], and he established by his own authority a source and an intrinsic reason for that unity. Indeed, the others were that also which Peter was [i.e., apostles], but a primacy is given to Peter, whereby it is made clear that there is but one Church and one chair. So too, all [the apostles] are shepherds, and the flock is shown to be one, fed by all the apostles in single-minded accord."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Alexander |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/050701.htm |title=Ante-Nicene Fathers |last2=Donaldson |first2=James |last3=Coxe |first3=Cleveland |publisher=Christian Literature Publishing Co. |year=1886 |edition=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desert |first=Anthony of the |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnRZ5rlnD7AC&dq=Cyprian+equality+of+the+apostles&pg=PA225 |title=The Gates of Hades Prevaileth Not: Heresies, Schisms, & Other Errancies Renounced by the Eastern Church |date=2012-01-12 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5863-1 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other ===
Cyprian was [[Amillennialism|amillennial]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Charles Evan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTjxqdsHnbEC&dq=Cyprian+amillenial&pg=PA249 |title=Regnum Caelorum: Patterns of Millennial Thought in Early Christianity |last2=Hill |first2=Charles E. |date=2001 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-4634-1 |language=en}}</ref>  [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] argued that Cyprian taught the [[gift of perseverance]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Komline |first=Han-luen Kantzer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdG8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Gift+of+persevarance+Augustine&pg=PA318 |title=Augustine on the Will: A Theological Account |date=2019-11-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094882-5 |language=en}}</ref> Cyprian argued that each day of the Genesis creation account consisted of 1,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What the Early Church Believed: Creation and Genesis |url=https://www.catholic.com/tract/creation-and-genesis |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Catholic Answers |quote=The first seven days in the divine arrangement contain seven thousand years" (Treatises 11:11 [A.D. 250]).}}</ref>