Editing Corporate haven (section)

===Conduits and Sinks===
{{main|Conduit and Sink OFCs}}
Modern corporate tax havens like Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands have become more popular for U.S. corporate [[tax inversion]]s than leading traditional [[tax haven]]s, even Bermuda.<ref name="bbb">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/tax-inversion-tracker/|title=Tracking Tax Runaways|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=1 March 2017|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031060724/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/tax-inversion-tracker/|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 
[[File:Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers Cayman Conundrum.jpg|thumb|"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers": Relationship of [[Conduit and Sink OFCs|Conduit and Sink Offshore Financial Centres]]]]
However, corporate tax havens still retain close connections with traditional tax havens as there are instances where a corporation cannot "retain" the untaxed funds in the corporate tax haven, and will instead use the corporate tax haven like a "conduit", to route the funds to more explicitly zero-tax, and more secretive traditional tax havens.  Google does this with the Netherlands to route EU funds untaxed to Bermuda (i.e. [[dutch sandwich]] to avoid EU [[withholding taxes]]),<ref name="google1">{{cite news| url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/double-irish-and-dutch-sandwich-saved-google-3-7bn-in-tax-in-2016-1.3343205| title='Double Irish' and 'Dutch Sandwich' saved Google $3.7bn in tax in 2016| newspaper=The Irish Times| date=2 January 2018| access-date=13 May 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324042507/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/double-irish-and-dutch-sandwich-saved-google-3-7bn-in-tax-in-2016-1.3343205| archive-date=24 March 2018| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-02/google-s-dutch-sandwich-shielded-16-billion-euros-from-tax| title=Google's 'Dutch Sandwich' Shielded 16 Billion Euros From Tax| publisher=Bloomberg| date=2 January 2018| access-date=13 May 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605192813/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-02/google-s-dutch-sandwich-shielded-16-billion-euros-from-tax| archive-date=5 June 2018| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Russian banks do this with Ireland to avoid international sanctions and access capital markets (i.e. [[Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)|Irish Section 110 SPVs]]).<ref name="rus2">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesspost.ie/news/russian-firms-funnelled-e100bn-dublin-410840|title=How Russian Firms Funnelled €100bn through Dublin|publisher=The Sunday Business Post|date=4 March 2018|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142121/https://www.businesspost.ie/news/russian-firms-funnelled-e100bn-dublin-410840|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="rus3">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/more-than-100bn-in-russian-money-funnelled-though-dublin-1.3414480|title=More than €100bn in Russian Money funneled through Dublin|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=4 March 2018|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315195900/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/more-than-100bn-in-russian-money-funnelled-though-dublin-1.3414480|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A study published in ''[[Nature (magazine)|Nature]]'' in 2017 (see [[Conduit and Sink OFCs]]),  highlighted an emerging gap between corporation tax haven specialists (called Conduit OFCs), and more traditional tax havens (called Sink OFCs).  It also highlighted that each Conduit OFC was highly connected to specific Sink {{Not a typo|OFC(s)}}.  For example, Conduit OFC Switzerland was highly tied to Sink OFC Jersey.  Conduit OFC Ireland was tied to Sink OFC Luxembourg,<ref name="llux">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2018/06/28/Ireland-Selected-Issues-46027|page=20|quote=Figure 3. Foreign Direct Investment - Over half of Irish outbound FDI is routed to Luxembourg|title=Ireland:Selected Issues|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=June 2018|access-date=2018-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706132549/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2018/06/28/Ireland-Selected-Issues-46027|archive-date=2018-07-06|url-status=live}}</ref> while Conduit OFC Singapore was connected to Sink OFCs Taiwan and Hong Kong (the study clarified that Luxembourg and Hong Kong were more like traditional tax havens).

The separation of tax havens into Conduit OFCs and Sink OFCs, enables the corporate tax haven specialist to promote "respectability" and maintain OECD-compliance (critical to extracting untaxed profits from higher-taxed jurisdictions via cross-border intergroup IP charging), while enabling the corporate to still access the benefits of a full tax haven (via [[double Irish]], dutch sandwich type BEPS tools), as needed.

We increasingly find [[offshore magic circle]] law firms, such as [[Maples and Calder]] and [[Appleby (law firm)|Appleby]],<ref name="appley"/> setting up offices in major Conduit OFCs, such as Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law firm Walkers doubles up on Dublin office space in the IFSC|url=https://www.businesspost.ie/property/law-firm-walkers-doubles-dublin-office-space-ifsc-408090|publisher=Sunday Business Post|date=4 February 2018|access-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327213219/https://www.businesspost.ie/property/law-firm-walkers-doubles-dublin-office-space-ifsc-408090|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=MaplesFS plans to add staff after Dublin office move|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/maplesfs-plans-to-add-staff-after-dublin-office-move-1.3071980|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=5 May 2017|access-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051101/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/maplesfs-plans-to-add-staff-after-dublin-office-move-1.3071980|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mourant opens Dublin office|url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2008/01/15/mourant-opens-dublin-office/|publisher=Jersey Post|date=January 2008|access-date=2018-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112141/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2008/01/15/mourant-opens-dublin-office/|archive-date=2018-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{quote|A key architect [for Apple] was [[Baker McKenzie]], a huge law firm based in Chicago. The firm has a reputation for devising creative offshore structures for multinationals and defending them to tax regulators. It has also fought international proposals for tax avoidance crackdowns.  Baker McKenzie wanted to use a local Appleby office to maintain an offshore arrangement for Apple. For Appleby, Mr. Adderley said, this assignment was "a tremendous opportunity for us to shine on a global basis with Baker McKenzie."|source=''[[The New York Times]]'', "After a Tax Crackdown, Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits", 6 November 2017<ref name="nyt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/world/apple-taxes-jersey.html|title=After a Tax Crackdown, Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=6 November 2017|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106192019/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/world/apple-taxes-jersey.html|archive-date=6 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}