Editing Cornish language (section)

=== Revived Cornish ===
{{See also|Cornish language revival}}
In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist [[Henry Jenner]] published ''A Handbook of the Cornish Language''. The publication of this book is often considered to be the point at which the revival movement started. Jenner wrote about the Cornish language in 1905, "one may fairly say that most of what there was of it has been preserved, and that it has been continuously preserved, for there has never been a time when there were not some Cornishmen who knew some Cornish."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jenner |first=Henry |date=1905 |title=Cornwall a Celtic Nation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30069809 |journal=The Celtic Review |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=234–246 |doi=10.2307/30069809 |jstor=30069809}}</ref>

The revival focused on reconstructing and standardising the language, including coining new words for modern concepts, and creating educational material in order to teach Cornish to others. In 1929 [[Robert Morton Nance]] published his [[Unified Cornish]] ({{lang|kw|Kernewek Unys}}){{sfn|George|2009|p=343}} system, based on the Middle Cornish literature while extending the attested vocabulary with neologisms and forms based on Celtic roots also found in Breton and Welsh, publishing a dictionary in 1938.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=Jon |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1078987354 |title=A Short History of Cornish Lexicography |date=2016 |publisher=[[Jagiellonian University Press]] |pages= |oclc=1078987354}}</ref> Nance's work became the basis of revived Cornish ({{lang|kw|Kernewek Dasserghys}}){{sfn|George|2009|p=343}} for most of the 20th century. During the 1970s, criticism of Nance's system, including the inconsistent orthography and unpredictable correspondence between spelling and pronunciation,<ref name="Mackinnon" /> as well as on other grounds such as the archaic basis of Unified and a lack of emphasis on the spoken language,<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Gendall |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1169991198 |title=Kernewek bew |date=1972 |publisher=[[Kesva an Taves Kernewek]] |oclc=1169991198}}</ref> resulted in the creation of several rival systems. In the 1980s, [[Ken George]] published a new system, {{lang|kw-kkcor|[[Kernewek Kemmyn]]}} ('Common Cornish'), based on a reconstruction of the phonological system of Middle Cornish, but with an approximately [[phonemic orthography|morphophonemic orthography]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=N. J. A. |title=Celtic Linguistics / Ieithyddiaeth Geltaidd |chapter=A Problem in Cornish Phonology |date=1990 |chapter-url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.68.20wil |series=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory No. 68 |volume=68 |pages=241 |editor-last=Ball |editor-first=Martin J. |place=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |doi=10.1075/cilt.68.20wil |isbn=9789027235657 |access-date=18 September 2021 |editor2-last=Fife |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Poppe |editor3-first=Erich |editor4-last=Rowland |editor4-first=Jenny}}</ref> It was subsequently adopted by the Cornish Language Board{{sfn|Ball|Müller|2009|p=757}} and was the written form used by a reported 54.5% of all Cornish language users according to a survey in 2008,<ref>{{cite book |last=Burley |first=Stuart |date=2008 |title=Report on the Cornish language survey conducted by the Cornish language Partnership }}</ref> but was heavily criticised for a variety of reasons by Jon Mills and [[Nicholas Williams (poet)|Nicholas Williams]], including making phonological distinctions that they state were not made in the traditional language {{circa|1500}}, failing to make distinctions that they believe ''were'' made in the traditional language at this time, and the use of an orthography that deviated too far from the traditional texts and Unified Cornish.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reconstructive Phonology and Contrastive Lexicology: Problems with the Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn |last=Mills |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Exeter Press]] |oclc=1078438372}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cornish today: An examination of the revived language |last=Williams |first=Nicholas |date=2006 |publisher=[[Michael Everson#Publishing at Evertype|Evertype]] |isbn=9781904808077 |edition=3rd |location=Westport, Co. Mayo |oclc=80332199}}</ref> Also during this period, [[Richard Gendall]] created his Modern Cornish system (also known as Revived Late Cornish), which used Late Cornish as a basis,<ref name="Grenoble2009">{{cite book |last=Grenoble |first=Lenore A. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1225224133 |title=Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521816212 |oclc=1225224133}}</ref>{{rp|46}} and Nicholas Williams published a revised version of Unified;<ref name="Grenoble2009" />{{rp|46}} however neither of these systems gained the popularity of Unified or Kemmyn.

The revival entered a period of factionalism and public disputes, with each orthography attempting to push the others aside. By the time that Cornish was recognised by the UK government under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2002, it had become recognised that the existence of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as none had achieved a wide consensus. A process of unification was set about which resulted in the creation of the public-body [[Cornish Language Partnership]] in 2005 and agreement on a [[Standard Written Form]] in 2008.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/7074487.stm |title=Breakthrough for Cornish language |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/7408686.stm |title=Standard Cornish spelling agreed |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> In 2010 a new milestone was reached when UNESCO altered its classification of Cornish, stating that its previous label of "extinct" was no longer accurate.<ref name="autogenerated1" />