Editing Copenhagen (section)

===19th century===

As a result of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] fears that Denmark would ally with [[French First Republic|France]], a [[Royal Navy]] fleet under the command of Admiral [[Hyde Parker (admiral)|Sir Hyde Parker]] was dispatched to neutralize the [[History of the Danish navy|Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy]]. On 2 April 1801, Parker's fleet encountered the Dano-Norwegian navy anchored near Copenhagen. Vice-Admiral [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] led the main attack.{{Sfn|Nelson|2005|p=247}} The Dano-Norwegian fleet put up heavy resistance, and the battle is often considered to be Nelson's hardest-fought battle, surpassing even the heavy fighting at [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar]].{{Sfn|Pocock|1994|p=229}} It was during this battle that Lord Nelson was said to have "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to [[Ceasefire|cease fire]]. The British ultimately won the battle, sinking or capturing most of Dano-Norwegian fleet, which led Denmark to agree not to ally with France.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davies|first=Peter|date=3 September 2007|title=Copenhagen's second battle remembered – 200 years on|work=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article2372230.ece|access-date=13 January 2010|archive-date=29 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529104641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article2372230.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Thoraldsens Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Gottlieb Bindesbøll's [[Thorvaldsen Museum]]]]
[[File:Otto Bache - Soldaternes hjemkomst til København i 1849.jpg|thumb|Danish soldiers returning to Copenhagen in 1849, after the [[First Schleswig War]] – painting by [[Otto Bache]] (1894)]]

In 1807, as a result of continued British fears that Denmark would ally with France, another British fleet led by Admiral [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|James Gambier]] was dispatched to Copenhagen with orders to seize or destroy the Dano-Norwegian navy. The British published a proclamation demanding the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet, and the Danish responded with "what amounted to a declaration of war".{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=204}} Gambier's forces responded by carrying out a naval bombardment of Copenhagen from 2 to 5 September. The bombardment, which saw the deployment of [[Congreve rocket]]s, killed 195 civilians and wounded 768, along with burning approximately 1,000 structures, including the [[Church of Our Lady, Copenhagen|Church of Our Lady]]. Copenhagen's defenders were unable to respond to the bombardment effectively due to relying on an [[Fortifications of Copenhagen|old defence-line]] whose limited range could not reach the British ships and their [[Range of a projectile|longer-range]] artillery. A British landing force of 30,000 men entered and occupied Copenhagen; during the battle, the British suffered almost 200 casualties, while the Danish suffered 3,000. Virtually the entire Dano-Norwegian fleet was surrendered to the British, who either burnt them or brought them back to Britain. Denmark declared war on Britain, leading to the outbreak of the [[Gunboat War]], which lasted until the 1814 [[Treaty of Kiel]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Glenthj̜, Rasmus|title=Experiences of war and nationality in Denmark-Norway, 1807–1815|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=978-1-137-31389-8|location=New York City|oclc=912332684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Københavns bombardement|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/K%C3%B8benhavns_bombardement?highlight=K%C3%B8benhavns%20bombardement|language=da|access-date=15 November 2013|archive-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210144214/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/K%C3%B8benhavns_bombardement?highlight=K%C3%B8benhavns%20bombardement|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Hinde|1973|p=168}}

[[File:KBH 1890-1900.jpg|right|thumb|[[Slotsholmen]] canal, as seen from the Børsen building ({{circa|1900}}). In the background from left to right: [[Church of the Holy Ghost, Copenhagen|Church of the Holy Ghost]], [[Trinitatis Complex]], [[St. Nicholas' Church, Copenhagen|St. Nicholas Church]], and [[Holmen Church]].]]

Despite the turmoil the Napoleonic Wars brought to the city, Copenhagen soon experienced a period of intense cultural creativity known as the [[Danish Golden Age]]. Painting prospered under [[C.W. Eckersberg]] and his students while [[C.F. Hansen]] and [[Gottlieb Bindesbøll]] brought a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] look to the city's architecture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guide til Dansk Guldalder|url=http://www.guldalder.dk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020127000149/http://www.guldalder.dk/|archive-date=27 January 2002|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Golden Days|language=da}}</ref> In the early 1850s, the ramparts of the city were opened to allow new housing to be built around [[The Lakes, Copenhagen|The Lakes]] ({{langx|da|Søerne}}) that bordered the old defences to the west. By the 1880s, the districts of [[Nørrebro]] and [[Vesterbro, Copenhagen|Vesterbro]] developed to accommodate those who came from the provinces to participate in the city's industrialization. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, as not only were the old ramparts out of date as a defence system but bad [[sanitation]] in the old city had to be overcome. From 1886, the west rampart ([[Vestvolden]]) was flattened, allowing major extensions to the harbour leading to the establishment of the [[Freeport of Copenhagen]] 1892–94.<ref>{{cite web|title=Københavns Havn|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavns_Havn|access-date=24 November 2013|website=Den Store Danske|language=da|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403181549/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavns_Havn|url-status=live}}</ref> Electricity came in 1892 with electric trams in 1897. The spread of housing to areas outside the old ramparts brought about a huge increase in the population. In 1840, Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately 120,000 people. By 1901, it had some 400,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Københavns historie 1728-1914" />