Editing Conduct disorder (section)

===Associated conditions===
Children with conduct disorder have a high risk of developing other adjustment problems. Specifically, risk factors associated with conduct disorder and the effects of conduct disorder symptomatology on a child's psychosocial context have been linked to overlapping with other psychological disorders.<ref name="McMahon, R. J. 2005">{{cite journal |author1=McMahon R. J. |author2=Frick P. J. | year = 2005 | title = Evidenced-based assessment of conduct problems in children and adolescents | journal = Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 477–505 | doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_6|pmid=16026215 |s2cid=39028273 }}</ref> In this way, there seems to be reciprocal effects of [[comorbidity]] with certain disorders, leading to increased overall risk for these youth.

====Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder====
[[ADHD]] is the condition most commonly associated with conduct disorders, with approximately 25–30% of boys and 50–55% of girls with conduct disorder having a comorbid ADHD diagnosis.<ref name="Waschbusch">{{cite journal | author = Waschbusch D. A. | year = 2002 | title = A meta-analytic evaluation of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-inattention problems and conduct problems | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 128 | issue = 1| pages = 118–150 | doi=10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.118| pmid = 11843545 }}</ref> While it is unlikely that ADHD alone is a risk factor for developing conduct disorder, children who exhibit hyperactivity and impulsivity along with aggression is associated with the early onset of conduct problems.<ref name="Hinshaw" /> Moreover, children with comorbid conduct disorder and ADHD show more severe aggression.<ref name="Waschbusch" />

'''Oppositional Defiant Disorder''' 

[[Oppositional defiant disorder|ODD]] is a mental disorder characterized by angry, argumentative, and resentful behavior. ODD and CD both fall under the umbrella of Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD). The main difference is in severity. While ODD is based on verbal hostility, CD is more severe in that it includes aggression and violence towards other people and animals, theft, deceit, and breaking of rules. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kerekes |first1=Nóra |last2=Lundström |first2=Sebastian |last3=Chang |first3=Zheng |last4=Tajnia |first4=Armin |last5=Jern |first5=Patrick |last6=Lichtenstein |first6=Paul |last7=Nilsson |first7=Thomas |last8=Anckarsäter |first8=Henrik |date=2014-04-22 |title=Oppositional defiant- and conduct disorder-like problems: neurodevelopmental predictors and genetic background in boys and girls, in a nationwide twin study |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=2 |pages=e359 |doi=10.7717/peerj.359 |doi-access=free |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=4006222 |pmid=24795851}}</ref> ODD has also been found to be a precursor for CD. The chances of developing CD is four times higher in children who previously had ODD than in children who do not have a history of ODD. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Jeffrey D. |last2=Loeber |first2=Rolf |last3=Birmaher |first3=Boris |date=2002-11-01 |title=Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part II |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S089085670960633X |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |language=English |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=1275–1293 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200211000-00009 |issn=0890-8567 |pmid=12410070}}</ref>

====Substance use disorders====
Conduct disorder is also highly associated with both substance use and abuse. Children with conduct disorder have an earlier onset of [[substance abuse|substance use]], as compared to their peers, and also tend to use multiple substances.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lynskey M. T. |author2=Fergusson D. M. | year = 1995 | title = Childhood conduct problems, attention deficit behaviors, and adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use | journal = Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology | volume = 23 | issue = 3| pages = 281–302 | doi=10.1007/bf01447558|pmid=7642838 |s2cid=40789985 }}</ref> Studies have shown that a diagnosis of conduct disorder during early adolescence (11-14 years old) was a significant predictor of substance abuse by the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elkins |first1=Irene J. |last2=McGue |first2=Matt |last3=Iacono |first3=William G. |date=2007-10-01 |title=Prospective Effects of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Sex on Adolescent Substance Use and Abuse |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/210070 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1145–1152 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1145 |pmid=17909126 |issn=0003-990X}}</ref> However, substance use disorders themselves can directly or indirectly cause conduct disorder-like traits in about half of adolescents who have a substance use disorder.<ref name="Brown-1996"/> As mentioned above, it seems that there is a transactional relationship between substance use and conduct problems, such that aggressive behaviors increase substance use, which leads to increased aggressive behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=White H.R. |author2=Loeber R. |author3=Stouthamer-Loeber M. |author4=Farrington D.P. |s2cid=9357010 | year = 1999 | title = Developmental associations between substance use and violence | journal = Development and Psychopathology | volume = 11 | issue = 4| pages = 785–803 | doi=10.1017/s0954579499002321|pmid=10624726 }}</ref> Notably, while older studies may have failed to find a correlation between hyperactivity or impulsivity as a predictor of conduct disorder, more recent studies have found that even a single symptom of ADHD or conduct disorder is associated with increased risk of substance abuse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elkins |first1=Irene J. |last2=McGue |first2=Matt |last3=Iacono |first3=William G. |date=2007-10-01 |title=Prospective Effects of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Sex on Adolescent Substance Use and Abuse |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/210070 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1145–1152 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1145 |pmid=17909126 |issn=0003-990X}}</ref>

Substance use in conduct disorder can lead to antisocial behavior in adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khalifa|first1=N|last2=Duggan|first2=C|last3=Howard|first3=R|last4=Lumsden|first4=J|title=The relationship between childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior is partially mediated by early-onset alcohol abuse.|journal=Personality Disorders|date=October 2012|volume=3|issue=4|pages=423–32|pmid=22888992|doi=10.1037/a0027017}}</ref>

====Schizophrenia====
Conduct disorder is a precursor to schizophrenia in a minority of cases,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schiffer |first1=Boris |last2=Leygraf |first2=Norbert |last3=Muller |first3=Bernhard |last4=Scherbaum |first4=Norbert |last5=Forsting |first5=Michael |last6=Wiltfang |first6=Jens |last7=Gizewski |first7=Elke |last8=Hodgins |first8=Sheilagh |title=Structural Brain Alterations Associated With Schizophrenia Preceded by Conduct Disorder: A Common and Distinct Subtype of Schizophrenia? |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |date=September 2012 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1115–1128 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbs115 |pmid=23015687 |pmc=3756783 |url=https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article/39/5/1115/1925725|doi-access=free }}</ref> with about 40% of men and 31% of women with schizophrenia meeting criteria for childhood conduct disorder.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dalteg |first1=Arne |last2=Zandelin |first2=Anders |last3=Tuninger |first3=Eva |last4=Levander |first4=Sten |title=Psychosis in adulthood is associated with high rates of ADHD and CD problems during childhood |journal=Nordic Journal of Psychiatry |date=2014 |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=560–566 |doi=10.3109/08039488.2014.892151 |pmid=24620816 |s2cid=46031432 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/08039488.2014.892151}}</ref>