Editing Community (section)

===''Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft''===
{{main|Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft}}

In {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft}} (1887), German sociologist [[Ferdinand Tönnies]] described two types of human association: {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}} (usually translated as "community") and {{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} ("society" or "association"). Tönnies proposed the ''{{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}}–''{{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} [[dichotomy]] as a way to think about social ties. No group is exclusively one or the other. {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}} stress personal [[social interaction]]s, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions. {{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} stress indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions.<ref>Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft'', Leipzig: Fues's Verlag.  An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P. Loomis appeared in 1940 as ''Fundamental Concepts of Sociology (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft)'', New York: American Book Co.;  in 1955 as ''Community and Association (Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft''[sic]'')'', London:  Routledge & Kegan Paul;  and in 1957 as ''Community and Society'', East Lansing: Michigan State U.P.  Loomis includes as an Introduction, representing Tönnies' "most recent thinking", his 1931 article "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" in ''Handwörterbuch der Soziologie'' (Stuttgart, Enke V.).</ref>