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=== Augustan === {{Main|Augustan literature (ancient Rome)}} The Golden Age is divided by the assassination of [[Julius Caesar]]. In the wars that followed, a generation of Republican literary figures was lost. Cicero and his contemporaries were replaced by a new generation who spent their formative years under the old constructs, and forced to make their mark under the watchful eye of a new emperor. The demand for great orators had ceased,{{Sfn|Teuffel|1873|p=385|ps =, "Public life became extinct, all political business passed into the hands of the monarch..."}} shifting to an emphasis on poetry. Other than the historian [[Livy]], the most remarkable writers of the period were the poets [[Virgil]], [[Horace]], and [[Ovid]]. Although Augustus evidenced some toleration to republican sympathizers, he exiled Ovid, and imperial tolerance ended with the continuance of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]. Augustan writers include: * [[Virgil|Publius Vergilius Maro]] (Virgil, spelled also as Vergil; 70 β 19 BC), * [[Horace|Quintus Horatius Flaccus]] (65 β 8 BC), known for lyric poetry and satires * [[Sextus Propertius|Sextus Aurelius Propertius]] (50 β 15 BC), poet * [[Albius Tibullus]] (54β19 BC), elegiac poet * [[Publius Ovidius Naso]] (43 BC β AD 18), poet * [[Livy|Titus Livius]] (64 BC β AD 12), historian * [[Grattius Faliscus]] (a contemporary of Ovid), poet * [[Marcus Manilius]] (1st century BC and AD), astrologer, poet * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]] (64 BC β AD 17), librarian, poet, mythographer * [[Marcus Verrius Flaccus]] (55 BC β AD 20), grammarian, philologist, calendarist * [[Vitruvius|Marcus Vitruvius Pollio]] (80β70 BC β after 15 BC), engineer, architect * [[Marcus Antistius Labeo]] (d. AD 10 or 11), jurist, philologist * [[Lucius Cestius Pius]] (1st century BC & AD), Latin educator * [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus]] (1st century BC), historian, naturalist * [[Marcus Porcius Latro]] (late 1st century BC β early 1st century AD), rhetorician * [[Gaius Valgius Rufus]] (consul 12 BC), poet
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