Editing City-state (section)

===20th-century cities under international supervision===

====Danzig====
{{Main|Free City of Danzig}}

The Free City of Danzig was a semi-[[autonomous]] city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the [[Baltic Sea]] port of Danzig (now [[Gdańsk]], [[Poland]]) and nearly 200 towns in the surrounding areas. It was created on 15 November 1920<ref>{{cite book| title = Danzig&nbsp;– Biographie einer Stadt| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC| date = February 2011| publisher = C.H. Beck| language = de| isbn = 978-3-406-60587-1| page = 189| last1 = Loew| first1 = Peter Oliver| author-link1 = Peter Oliver Loew| access-date = 24 May 2020| archive-date = 30 March 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105540/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC| year = 2003| publisher = LIT Verlag| language = de| isbn = 3-8258-6284-4| page = 8| last1 = Samerski| first1 = Stefan| access-date = 24 May 2020| archive-date = 30 March 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105522/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC| url-status = live}}</ref> under the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]] after the end of [[World War I]].

====Fiume====
{{Main|Free State of Fiume}}

After a prolonged period where the city of [[Fiume]] enjoyed considerable autonomy under [[Habsburg]] rule (see [[Corpus separatum (Fiume)]]), The Free State of Fiume was proclaimed as a fully independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory of {{convert|28|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} comprised the city of Fiume (now in [[Croatia]] and, since the end of World War II, known as [[Rijeka]], both names meaning "river" in the respective languages) and rural areas to its north, with a corridor to its west connecting it to [[Italy]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Jerusalem====
{{Main|Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)}}

Under the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]] of 1947, [[Mandatory Palestine]] was to be partitioned into three states: a Jewish state of [[Israel]], an Arab state of [[Palestine]], and a ''corpus separatum'' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for "[[Corpus separatum (disambiguation)|separated body]]") consisting of a Jerusalem city-state under the control of [[United Nations Trusteeship Council]]. Although the plan had some international support and the UN accepted this proposal (and still officially holds the stance that Jerusalem should be held under this regime), implementation of the plan failed as the [[1948 Palestine war]] broke out with the [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]], ultimately resulting in Jerusalem being split into [[West Jerusalem]] and [[East Jerusalem]]. Israel would eventually gain control of East Jerusalem in the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Memel====
{{Main|Klaipėda Region}}

The Klaipėda Region or Memel Territory was defined by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1920 when it was put under the administration of the [[Council of Ambassadors]]. The Memel Territory was to remain under the control of the [[League of Nations]] until a future day when the people of the region would be allowed to vote on whether the land would return to Germany or not. The then predominantly [[ethnic German]] Memel Territory ([[Prussian Lithuanians]] and Memellanders constituted the other ethnic groups), situated between the river and the town of that name, was occupied by [[Lithuania]] in the [[Klaipėda Revolt]] of 1923.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Ottoman====
Some proposals for the [[partition of the Ottoman Empire]] envisaged international zones at [[Istanbul]]/Constantinople or the wider [[Turkish straits]],<ref>{{multiref|
{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=G. |title=British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919–24 |date=9 August 1995 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-37735-6 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iSBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |language=en}}|
{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Harold Ray |title=Conrad, Geopolitics, and "The Future of Constantinople" |journal=The Conradian |date=2006 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=15–27 |jstor=20873573 |issn=0951-2314}}|
{{cite journal |title=Constantinople as a Free City |journal=The Literary Digest |date=3 December 1921 |volume=71 |issue=1650 |page=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/literarydigest71newy/page/n616 |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |location=New York}}|
{{cite book |last1=Helmreich |first1=Paul C. |title=From Paris to Sèvres: the partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920 |date=1974 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus |isbn=978-0-8142-0170-1 |pages=22–23, 40, 44, 154–155, 189–190 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromparistosevre0000helm}}
}}</ref> and possibly also at [[İzmir]]/Smyrna.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tusan |first1=Michelle |title=The Last Treaty: Lausanne and the End of the First World War in the Middle East |date=15 June 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-37108-7 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjHEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |language=en}}</ref> Although the [[allies of World War I]] occupied both after the 1918 [[Armistice of Mudros]], the British-led [[occupation of Istanbul]] recognised Turkey as de jure sovereign, while the Greek [[occupation of Smyrna]] was [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|an attempted annexation]]. The 1923 [[Treaty of Lausanne]] re-established Turkish control of both areas.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Shanghai====
{{Main|Shanghai International Settlement}}

The Shanghai International Settlement (1845–1943) was an international zone with its own legal system, postal service, and currency.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

====Tangier====
{{Main|Tangier International Zone}}

[[File:Tangier 12.JPG|thumb|Tangier]]

The international zone within the city of [[Tangier]], in North Africa was approximately {{convert|373|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It was at first under the joint administration of France, Spain, and the United Kingdom, plus later Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. The international zone was initially attached to Morocco. It then became a French-Spanish protectorate from 1923 until 29 October 1956, when it was reintegrated into the state of Morocco.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Trieste====
{{Main|Free Territory of Trieste}}

The Free Territory of Trieste was an independent territory situated in Central Europe between northern Italy and Yugoslavia, facing the north part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the [[United Nations Security Council]] in the aftermath of World War II, from 1947 to 1954.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==== West Berlin ====
In the 20th century [[West Berlin]], though lacking sovereignty, functioned from 1948 until 1990 as a state legally not belonging to any other state, but ruled by the [[Western Bloc|Western Allies]]. They allowed – notwithstanding their overlordship as occupant powers – its internal organisation as one state simultaneously being a city, officially called Berlin (West). Though West Berlin maintained close ties to the [[West Germany|West German]] Federal Republic, it never legally formed a part of it.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}