Editing Cimmerians (section)

====The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex====
The Cimmerians originated as a section of the first wave<ref>{{unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2000b|p=102}}|{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2000b|p=130}}|{{harvnb|Cunliffe|2019|p=106}}|{{harvnb|Cunliffe|2019|pp=112–113}}}}</ref> of the nomadic populations who originated in the parts of Central Asia corresponding to [[East Kazakhstan Region|eastern Kazakhstan]] or the [[Altai-Sayan region]],{{sfn|Cunliffe|2019|p=104-106}} and who had, beginning in the 10th century BC and lasting until the 9th to 8th centuries BC,{{sfn|Cunliffe|2019|p=105}} migrated westwards into the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic-Caspian Steppe]] regions, where they formed new tribal confederations which constituted the [[Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex]].{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=102}}

Among these tribal confederations were the Cimmerians in the Caspian Steppe, as well as the [[Agathyrsi]] in the Pontic Steppe,{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=102}}{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=130}}{{sfn|Batty|2007|p=202}} and possibly the [[Sigynnae]] in the [[Pannonian Steppe]].{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=105}} The archaeological and historical records regarding these migrations are however scarce, and permit to sketch only a very broad outline of this complex development.{{sfn|Cunliffe|2019|p=111}}

The Cimmerians corresponded to a part of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex,{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=102}} to whose development three main cultural influences contributed to:
*present in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex is a strong impact of the native [[Belozerka culture|Bilozerka culture]], especially in the form of pottery styles and burial traditions;{{sfn|Cunliffe|2019|p=103-104}}
*the two other influences were of foreign origin:
**attesting of the Inner Asian origin, a strong material influence from the [[Altai culture|Altai]], [[Aržan culture|Aržan]] and [[Karasuk culture|Karasuk]] cultures from Central Asia and Siberia is visible in the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=102}} of [[Inner Asia]]n origin were especially [[dagger]] and [[arrowhead]] types, horse gear such as [[Bit (horse)|bits]] with stirrup-shaped terminals, [[deer stone]]-like carved [[Stele|stelae]] and [[Animal style|Animal Style]] art;{{sfn|Cunliffe|2019|p=104}}
**in addition to this Central Asian influence, the [[Kuban culture]] of Ciscaucasia also played an important contribution in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex,{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=102}} especially regarding the adoption of Kuban culture-types of [[Mace (bludgeon)|mace]] heads and bimetallic daggers.{{sfn|Cunliffe|2019|p=104}}
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from Central Asia, due to which it itself exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppe and forest steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the [[Aržan culture]], so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia.{{sfn|Jacobson|1995|p=35-37}}

Thanks to their development of highly mobile mounted nomadic pastoralism and the creation of effective weapons suited to equestrian warfare, all based on [[equestrianism]], these nomads from the Pontic-Caspian Steppes were able to gradually infiltrate into Central and Southeast Europe and therefore expand deep into this region over a very long period of time,{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=103}}{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=130}} so that the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex covered a wide territory ranging from [[Central Europe]] and the [[Pannonian Basin|Pannonian Plain]] in the west to [[Caucasus|Caucasia]] in the east, including present-day [[Southern Russia]].{{sfn|Tokhtas’ev|1991}}{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=102}}

This in turn allowed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex itself to strongly influence the [[Hallstatt culture]] of Central Europe:{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=103}} among these influences was the adoption of trousers, which were not used by the native populations of Central Europe before the arrival of the Central Asian steppe nomads.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b|p=105}}