Editing Cicada (section)

===Song===

[[File:EB1911 cicada tymbal structure.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Cicada sound-producing organs and musculature:<br />a, Body of male from below, showing cover-plates;<br />b, From above, showing drumlike [[tymbal]]s;<br />c, Section, [[muscle]]s that vibrate tymbals;<br />d, A tymbal at rest;<br />e, Thrown into vibration, as when singing]]
The "singing" of male cicadas is produced principally and in the majority of species using a special structure called a [[tymbal]], a pair of which lies below each side of the [[Anatomical terms of location|anterior]] [[abdomen|abdominal]] region. The structure is buckled by muscular action and, being made of [[resilin]], unbuckles rapidly on muscle relaxation, producing their characteristic sounds. Some cicadas, however, have mechanisms for [[stridulation]], sometimes in addition to the tymbals. Here, the wings are rubbed over a series of midthoracic ridges. In the Chinese species ''[[Subpsaltria yangi]]'', both males and females can stridulate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Changqing |last2=Wei |first2=Cong |title=Intraspecific sexual mimicry for finding females in a cicada: males produce 'female sounds' to gain reproductive benefit |journal=Animal Behaviour |date=April 2015 |volume=102 |pages=69–76 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.013 |s2cid=53170339 }}</ref> The sounds may further be modulated by membranous coverings and by resonant cavities.<ref name=Cuvier>{{cite book|author1=Cuvier, Georges |author2= Blyth, Edward |author3= Mudie, Robert |author4=Johnston, George| author5= Westwood, John Obadiah |author6= Carpenter, William Benjamin |title=The Animal Kingdom: Arranged After Its Organization, Forming a Natural History of Animals, and an Introduction to Comparative Anatomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPvRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA567 |year=1851 |publisher=W. S. Orr and Company |pages=567–570}}</ref>

The male abdomen in some species is largely hollow, and acts as a [[sound box]]. By rapidly vibrating these membranes, a cicada combines the clicks into apparently continuous notes, and enlarged chambers derived from the [[Invertebrate trachea|tracheae]] serve as [[Resonating device|resonating chamber]]s with which it amplifies the sound. The cicada also modulates the song by positioning its abdomen toward or away from the [[Substrate (biology)|substrate]] (their perch). Partly by the pattern in which it combines the clicks, each species produces its own distinctive mating songs and acoustic signals, ensuring that the song attracts only appropriate mates.<ref name="Milne" /> The [[Tettigarctidae|tettigarctid (or hairy) cicadas]] have rudimentary tymbals in both sexes and do not produce airborne sounds, rather, both males and females produce vibrations that are transmitted through the tree they perch upon. They are considered as representing the [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|original state]] from which other cicada communication has evolved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claridge |first1=Michael F. |last2=Morgan |first2=John C. |last3=Moulds |first3=Maxwell S. |title=Substrate-transmitted acoustic signals of the primitive cicada, Tettigarcta crinita Distant (Hemiptera Cicadoidea, Tettigarctidae) |journal=Journal of Natural History |date=December 1999 |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1831–1834 |doi=10.1080/002229399299752 |bibcode=1999JNatH..33.1831C }}</ref>

{{Listen |filename=New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg | title=''Amphipsalta zelandica'' cicada song | description=Song, New Zealand, 2006
| filename2=Tanna_japonensis_v01.ogg |title2=Cicada chorus in Japan | description2=Chorus of ''[[Tanna japonensis]]'', Japan, 2011
| filename3=Cicadas_in_Greece.ogg |title3=Cicadas in Greece | description3=Chorus, [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]], 2008
| filename4=Cicada_calling_in_Irving,_TX_in_June_of_2012.ogg |title4=A single ''Neotibicen superbus'' cicada calling | description4 =Song, Texas, 2012}}
<!--ok, that's quite enough sound clips for one article, especially if we don't even know which species is involved-->

Average temperature of the natural habitat for the South American species ''[[Fidicinini|Fidicina rana]]'' is about {{convert |29|C|F|0}}. During sound production, the temperature of the tymbal muscles was found to be significantly higher.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Aidley | first1 =D. J. | last2=White | first2=D.C.S. |date=1969 | title=Mechanical properties of glycerinated fibres from the tymbal muscles of a Brazilian cicada |journal=[[Journal of Physiology]] |volume=205 |issue=1 |pages=179–192 |pmid=5347716 |pmc=1348633 | doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008959}}</ref> Many cicadas sing most actively during the hottest hours of a summer day; roughly a [[Circadian rhythm|24-hour cycle]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Turpin |first1=Tom |title=Sound of Insect Music Ushers in Fall Season |url=https://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/newscolumns/archives/OSL/2008/September/080911OSL.html |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=27 August 2015 |date=11 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920165622/https://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/newscolumns/archives/OSL/2008/September/080911OSL.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Most cicadas are diurnal in their calling and [[Poikilotherm|depend on external heat]] to warm them up, while a few are capable of raising their temperatures using muscle action and some species are known to call at dusk.<ref name="Sanborn et al 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Villet |first2=Martin H. |last3=Phillips |first3=Polly K. |title=Hot-blooded singers: endothermy facilitates crepuscular signaling in African platypleurine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Platypleura spp.) |journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=July 2003 |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=305–308 |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0428-1 |pmid=12883772 |s2cid=9090814 |bibcode=2003NW.....90..305S }}</ref> ''[[Kanakia (cicada)|Kanakia gigas]]'' and ''[[Froggattoides typicus]]'' are among the few that are known to be truly nocturnal and there may be other nocturnal species living in tropical forests.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boulard |first1=Michel |chapter=Acoustic Signals, Diversity and Behaviour of Cicadas (Cicadidae, Hemiptera) |pages=349–368 |doi=10.1201/9781420039337-31 |title=Insect Sounds and Communication |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-429-12200-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ewart |first1=A. |last2=Popple |first2=L. W. |title=Songs and calling behaviour of 'Froggattoides typicus' Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), a nocturnally singing cicada |journal=The Australian Entomologist |volume=34 |issue=4 |date=December 2007 |pages=127–139 |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.070734889311858 }}</ref>

Cicadas call from varying heights on trees. Where multiple species occur, the species may use different heights and timing of calling.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sueur |first1=J. |last2=Aubin |first2=T. |title=Is microhabitat segregation between two cicada species (''Tibicina haematodes'' and ''Cicada orni'') due to calling song propagation constraints? |journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=2003-07-01 |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=322–326 |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0432-5 |pmid=12883776 |bibcode=2003NW.....90..322S |s2cid=25048233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sueur |first1=Jérôme |title=Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2002-03-01 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=379–394 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00030.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> While the vast majority of cicadas call from above the ground, two Californian species, ''[[Okanagana|Okanagana pallidula]]'' and ''[[Okanagana vanduzeei|O. vanduzeei]]'' are known to call from hollows made at the base of the tree below the ground level. The adaptive significance is unclear, as the calls are not amplified or modified by the [[burrow]] structure, but this may avoid [[predation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly |title=No acoustic benefit to subterranean calling in the cicada ''Okanagana pallidula'' Davis (Homoptera: Tibicinidae) |journal=Great Basin Naturalist |date=1995-10-31 |volume=55 |issue=4 |url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol55/iss4/12/ }}</ref>

Although only males produce the cicadas' distinctive sounds, both sexes have membranous structures called [[tympanal organ|tympana]] (singular – tympanum) by which they detect sounds, the equivalent of having ears. Males disable their own tympana while calling, thereby preventing damage to their hearing;<ref name="5050.co.za">{{cite web |work=50/50 |title=Cicada noise |date=2 June 2002 |location=[[New Zealand|NZ]] |url=http://www.5050.co.za/inserts.asp?ID=3234 |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004162419/http://www.5050.co.za/inserts.asp?ID=3234 |archive-date=4 October 2006 }}</ref> a necessity partly because some cicadas produce sounds up to 120&nbsp;[[Sound#Sound Pressure Level|dB (SPL)]]<ref name="5050.co.za" /> which is among the loudest of all insect-produced sounds.<ref>{{cite web | last=Craig | first=Owen | publisher=[[ABC Science]] | place=[[Australia]] | date=2001-02-17 | title=Summer of singing cicadas | url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2001/02/17/2822486.htm | access-date=23 December 2006}}</ref> The song is loud enough to cause permanent [[hearing loss]] in humans should the cicada be at "close range". In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that they are inaudible to humans.<ref name="insecteducation">{{Cite web|work=Insect education |date=2008-09-09 |title=Arthropoda |url=http://www.insecteducation.com/tag/arthropoda |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040007/http://www.insecteducation.com/tag/arthropoda |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref>

For the human ear, telling precisely where a cicada song originates is often difficult. The pitch is nearly constant, the sound is continuous to the human ear, and cicadas sing in scattered groups. In addition to the mating song, many species have a distinct distress call, usually a broken and erratic sound emitted by the insect when seized or panicked. Some species also have courtship songs, generally quieter, and produced after a female has been drawn to the calling song. Males also produce encounter calls, whether in courtship or to maintain personal space within choruses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villet |first1=Martin H. |last2=Sanborn |first2=Allen F. |last3=Phillips |first3=Polly K. |title=Endothermy and chorusing behaviour in the African platypleurine cicada Pycna semiclara (Germar, 1834) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |date=2003 |volume=81 |issue=8 |pages=1437–1444 |doi=10.1139/z03-119 |bibcode=2003CaJZ...81.1437V }}</ref>

The songs of cicadas are considered by entomologists to be unique to a given species, and a number of resources exist to collect and analyse cicada sounds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=E. |last2=Price |first2=B. W. |last3 =Rycroft | first3=S. D. | last4= Villet |first4 = M. H. |date=2015 |title=Global Cicada Sound Collection I: Recordings from South Africa and Malawi by B. W. Price & M. H. Villet and harvesting of BioAcoustica data by GBIF |journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=e5792 |doi=10.3897/BDJ.3.e5792|pmid=26379465 |pmc=4568402 |doi-access=free }}</ref>