Editing Church of the Holy Sepulchre (section)

===Reconstruction (11th century)===

In wide-ranging negotiations between the Fatimids and the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1027–1028, an agreement was reached whereby the new Caliph [[Ali az-Zahir]] (al-Hakim's son) agreed to allow the rebuilding and redecoration of the church.<ref name="Lev 1991">{{cite book| last=Lev| first=Yaacov| title=State and Society in Fatimid Egypt| page=40| publisher=E.J. Brill| location=Leiden; New York| date=1991| isbn=978-90-04-09344-7| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2LwgIL_bpEC&pg=PA211| access-date=20 February 2016| archive-date=10 March 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112207/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2LwgIL_bpEC&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> The rebuilding was finally completed during the tenures of Emperor [[Constantine IX Monomachos]] and [[Nicephorus I of Jerusalem|Patriarch Nicephorus of Jerusalem]] in 1048.<ref name="Foakes-Jackson">{{Cite book |title= An Introduction to the History of Christianity, A.D. 590–1314 |first= Frederick John |last= Foakes-Jackson |author-link= F. J. Foakes-Jackson |year= 1921 |publisher= Macmillan |location= London |url= https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00foak/page/148/ |page=148}}</ref> As a concession, the mosque in [[Constantinople]] was reopened and the [[khutba]] sermons were to be pronounced in az-Zahir's name.<ref name="Lev 1991" /> Muslim sources say a by-product of the agreement was the renunciation of Islam by many Christians who had been forced to convert under al-Hakim's persecutions. In addition, the Byzantines, while releasing 5,000 Muslim prisoners, made demands for the restoration of other churches destroyed by al-Hakim and the reestablishment of a [[patriarch]] in Jerusalem. Contemporary sources credit the emperor with spending vast sums in an effort to restore the Church of the Holy Sepulchre after this agreement was made.<ref name="Lev 1991"/> Still, "a total replacement was far beyond available resources. The new construction was concentrated on the rotunda and its surrounding buildings: the great basilica remained in ruins."<ref name="Morris 2005"/>

The rebuilt church site consisted of "a court open to the sky, with five small chapels attached to it."<ref name=Fergusson>{{cite book |title=A History of Architecture in All Countries |first= James |last= Fergusson |author-link= James Fergusson (architect) |year= 1865 |publisher=J. Murray |location= London |url= https://archive.org/details/ahistoryarchite02ferggoog}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2022}} The chapels were east of the court of resurrection (when reconstructed, the location of the tomb was under open sky), where the western wall of the great basilica had been. They commemorated scenes from the passion, such as the location of the prison of Christ and his flagellation, and presumably were so placed because of the difficulties of free movement among shrines in the city streets. The dedication of these chapels indicates the importance of the pilgrims' devotion to the suffering of Christ. They have been described as "a sort of [[Via Dolorosa]] in miniature" since little or no rebuilding took place on the site of the great basilica. Western pilgrims to Jerusalem during the 11th century found much of the sacred site in ruins.<ref name="Morris 2005"/>{{Failed verification|date=July 2022}} Control of Jerusalem, and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, continued to change hands several times between the Fatimids and the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk Turks]] (loyal to the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid caliph]] in [[Baghdad]]) until the Crusaders' arrival in 1099.<ref>{{cite book |last= Gold | first= Dore |author-link= Dore Gold |title= The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City |publisher= Regnery Publishing |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2007|isbn=978-1-59698-029-7| url=https://archive.org/details/fightforjerusale00gold}}</ref>