Editing Christopher Columbus (section)

=== Agreement with the Spanish Crown ===
[[File:Various roofs and towers of Alhambra, from Generalife gardens, Granada, Spain.jpg|thumb|The [[Alhambra]], where Columbus received permission from the [[Catholic Monarchs]] for his first voyage<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Geoffrey |date=15 October 2015 |title=Exploring The Alhambra Palace And Fortress In Granada, Spain |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2015/10/15/exploring-the-alhambra-palace-granada-spain/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016073235/http://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2015/10/15/exploring-the-alhambra-palace-granada-spain/ |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>]]

Columbus waited at King Ferdinand's camp until Ferdinand and Isabella conquered [[Granada]], the [[Emirate of Granada|last Muslim stronghold]] on the Iberian Peninsula, in January 1492. A council led by Isabella's confessor, [[Hernando de Talavera]], found Columbus's proposal to reach the Indies implausible. Columbus had left for France when Ferdinand intervened,{{Efn|Ferdinand later claimed credit for being "the principal cause why those islands were discovered."{{sfn|Phillips|Phillips|1992|pp=131–132}}}} first sending Talavera and Bishop [[Diego Deza]] to appeal to the queen.{{sfn|Phillips|Phillips|1992|pp=131–32}} Isabella was finally convinced by the king's clerk [[Luis de Santángel]], who argued that Columbus would take his ideas elsewhere, and offered to help arrange the funding. Isabella then sent a royal guard to fetch Columbus, who had traveled 2 leagues (over 10&nbsp;km) toward Córdoba.{{sfn|Phillips|Phillips|1992|pp=131–132}}

In the April 1492 "[[Capitulations of Santa Fe]]", King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised Columbus that if he succeeded he would be given the rank of ''Admiral of the Ocean Sea'' and appointed [[Viceroy]] and Governor of all the new lands he might claim for Spain.<ref name="Lantigua2020">{{cite book |last1=Lantigua |first1=David M. |title=Infidels and Empires in a New World Order: Early Modern Spanish Contributions to International Legal Thought |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49826-5 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |quote=The ''Capitulaciones de Santa Fe'' appointed Columbus as the official viceroy of the Crown, which entitled him, by virtue of royal concession, to all the honors and jurisdictions accorded the conquerors of the Canaries. Usage of the terms "to discover" (''descubrir'') and "to acquire" (''ganar'') were legal cues indicating the goals of Spanish possession through occupancy and conquest.}}</ref> He had the right to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. He would be entitled to one-tenth ({{lang|es|[[diezmo]]}}) of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity. He also would have the option of buying one-eighth interest in any commercial venture in the new lands, and receive one-eighth ({{lang|es|ochavo}}) of the profits.{{sfn|Morison|1991|p=662}}<ref name="González-Sánchez2006">{{cite book |last1=González Sánchez |first1=Carlos Alberto |editor1-last=Kaufman |editor1-first=Will |editor2-last=Francis |editor2-first=John Michael |editor2-link=J. Michael Francis |title=Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-421-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA175 |chapter=Capitulations of Santa Fe |pages=175–176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/archivo/mardigitalrevistas/cuadernosihcn/50cuaderno/cap02.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://armada.defensa.gob.es/archivo/mardigitalrevistas/cuadernosihcn/50cuaderno/cap02.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Cristóbal Colón en presencia de la muerte (1505–1506) |first=Mario Hernández |last=Sánchez-Barba |journal=Cuadernos Monográficos del Instituto de Historia y Cultural Naval |issue=50 |location=Madrid |year=2006 |page=51}}</ref>

In 1500, during his third voyage to the Americas, Columbus was arrested and dismissed from his posts. He and his sons, Diego and Fernando, then conducted a lengthy series of court cases against the Castilian Crown, known as the {{lang|es|[[pleitos colombinos]]}}, alleging that the Crown had illegally reneged on its contractual obligations to Columbus and his heirs.<ref name="Márquez1982">{{cite book |last1=Márquez |first1=Luis Arranz |title=Don Diego Colón, almirante, virrey y gobernador de las Indias |date=1982 |publisher=Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press |isbn=978-84-00-05156-3 |page=175, note 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRhygUNmg4UC&pg=PA175 |language=es}}</ref> The Columbus family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego's position as viceroy but reduced his powers. Diego resumed litigation in 1512, which lasted until 1536, and further disputes initiated by heirs continued until 1790.<ref name="McDonald2005" />