Editing Chongqing (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nh48-12.jpg|thumb|Map including Chongqing (labeled as {{lang|zh-hant|重慶}} CH'UNG-CH'ING (CHUNGKING)) ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954)]]

===Physical geography and topography===
[[File:Chongqing Map.png|thumb|Topography of Chongqing]]
Chongqing is located in the [[subtropics]], situated in the transitional area between the [[Sichuan Basin]] and the plain on the middle and lower reaches of the [[Yangtze]]. Its climate features frequent [[monsoon]] conditions, often raining at night in late spring and early summer. The city's "night rain in the Ba Mountains", features in poems throughout Chinese history, including "Written on a Rainy Night—A Letter to the North" by [[Li Shangyin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bystander.homestead.com/bashan.html |title=Tang poetry: Night rain in the mountain in Bashan |access-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816081726/http://bystander.homestead.com/bashan.html |archive-date=16 August 2016}} Bashan Poems</ref> Its territory is {{cvt|470|km}} from east to west at its longest, and {{cvt|450|km}} from north to south at its widest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.cq.gov.cn/AboutChongqing/1921.htm |title=Location of Chongqing |publisher=Chongqing Municipal Government |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630165944/http://en.cq.gov.cn/AboutChongqing/1921.htm |archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> It borders [[Hubei]] and [[Hunan]] to the east, [[Sichuan]] and [[Shaanxi]] to the north, and [[Guizhou]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/ProvinceView/163947.htm |title=Chongqing 2005 - The Year in Review|access-date=6 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024230840/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/ProvinceView/163947.htm |archive-date=24 October 2016}} Chongqing's bordering provinces</ref>

[[File:Baidicheng view Fengjie - Mapillary (ZsSRPZW9wVqEzptb5peJrY).jpg|thumb|The Qutang Gorge on the Yangtze]]
Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains. The [[Daba Mountains]] stand in the north, the [[Wu Gorge]] in the east, the [[Wuling Mountains]] in the southeast, and the [[Dalou Mountains]] in the south. The area slopes downward from north to south towards the Yangtze valley, and features a large [[massif]] of mountains and hills, with steep sloping areas at different heights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountains in Sichuan and Chongqing |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/china/sichuan-and-chongqing/sights-nam_class:31425.html |author=Chongqing Topography |publisher=Fodors.com |access-date=10 December 2013  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213182509/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/china/sichuan-and-chongqing/sights-nam_class%3A31425.html |archive-date=13 December 2013  }}</ref> [[Karst]] landscape is common in this area, and stone forests, numerous collections of peaks, [[limestone]] caves and valleys can be found in many places. The ''Longshuixia Gap'' ({{lang-zh|龙水峡地缝}}), with its [[Three Natural Bridges]], has made the region a popular tourist attraction. The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east, covering a course of {{cvt|665|km}}, cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming the well-known [[Three Gorges]]: the Qutang, Wuxia and Xiling gorges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctg.com.cn/en/ |title=The Three Gorges Corp |publisher=Ctg.com.cn |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213211201/http://www.ctg.com.cn/en/ |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Coming from northwest and running through "the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges" of Libi, Wentang and Guanyin, the [[Jialing River]] joins the Yangtze in Chongqing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yangtze River |url=http://www.cnto.org/journeys/yangtze-river/ |publisher=Chinese National Tourism Office, US Chinese Embassy |access-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114532/http://www.cnto.org/journeys/yangtze-river/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Poem quote
 | title = Li Bai's Poem of Chongqing's [[Baidi Cheng]]
 | quote = Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud,
I've sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day.
With the monkeys' adieus the riverbanks are loud,
My skiff has left ten thousand mountains far away.
}}

The central urban area of Chongqing, called Chongqing proper, is built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. With its special [[topography]], Chongqing's topography includes mountains, rivers, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges, and caves. The [[Tang dynasty]] poet [[Li Bai]] was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this [[epigram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poemhunter.com/li-po/ |title=Poems of Li Bai |via=Poemhunter.com |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627195909/http://www.poemhunter.com/li-po/ |archive-date=27 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Zhongliang ({{zhi|c=中梁山}}) and Tongluo ({{zhi|s=铜锣山}}) mountains roughly form the eastern and western boundaries of Chongqing's urban area. Several high mountains are situated outside central Chongqing, including the {{cvt|1709.4|m|abbr=on}}-high Wugong Ling Mountain in Jiangjin.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

===Climate===
[[File:Chongqing in fog 20140822.jpg|thumb|In the spring and fall, downtown Chongqing is often enshrouded in fog.]]
Chongqing has a monsoonal [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa'') and for most of the year experiences very high relative humidity, with all months above 75%. Known as one of the "[[Three Furnaces]]" of the Yangtze River, along with [[Wuhan]] and [[Nanjing]], its summers are long and among the hottest and most humid in China, with highs of {{convert|34|°C|°F|0}} in July and August in the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |script-title=zh:中国气象局 国家气象信息中心 |publisher=Guangzhou Popular Science News Net ({{lang|zh-hans|广州科普资讯网}}) |language = zh-Hans |date=12 September 2007 |access-date=12 November 2014  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=18 March 2013
}}</ref> Winters are short and somewhat mild, but damp and overcast. The city's location in the [[Sichuan Basin]] causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, at only 983 hours, lower than much of Northern Europe; the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from a mere 5% in January to 43% in August. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−1.8|°C|0}} on 11 January 1955 (unofficial record of {{convert|-2.5|°C|0}} was set on 8 February 1943) to {{convert|43.7|°C|0}} on 18 and 19 August 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=57516&ano=2022&mes=8&day=20&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30|title=57516: Chongqing (China)|date=19 August 2022|website=ogimet.com|publisher=OGIMET|access-date=20 August 2022|language=es|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416042713/https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=57516&ano=2022&mes=8&day=20&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30|url-status=live}}</ref> (unofficial record of {{convert|44.0|°C|0}} was set on 8 and 9 August 1933).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |title = Extreme Temperatures Around the World |access-date = 22 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100826043944/http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |archive-date = 26 August 2010 |df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

Chongqing, with over 100 days of fog per year,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iesglobal.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=450&Itemid=404 |title=Chongqing Municipality |publisher=IES Global |access-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011175556/http://iesglobal.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=450&Itemid=404 |archive-date=11 October 2010 }}</ref> is known as the "Fog City" ({{lang-zh|雾都}}); this is because in the spring and fall, a thick layer of fog enshrouds it for 68 days per year.<ref>
{{cite web |url = http://english.china.com/zh_cn/tourism/chongqing/11047307/20060331/13212034.html |title = Chongqing – City of Hills, Fog and Spicy Food |publisher = China.com |access-date = 17 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927083357/http://english.china.com/zh_cn/tourism/chongqing/11047307/20060331/13212034.html |archive-date = 27 September 2011 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all
 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lin|first=Yutang|title=The Vigil of a Nation|publisher=The John Day Company|date=1944}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945), this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]].

{{Chongqing weatherbox}}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = Y
| location = Chongqing ([[Shapingba]]), elevation {{convert|259|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (2024)
| Jan mean C = 10.5
| Feb mean C = 10.7
| Mar mean C = 16.7
| Apr mean C = 21.1
| May mean C = 24.0
| Jun mean C = 25.4
| Jul mean C = 30.8
| Aug mean C = 33.4
| Sep mean C = 32.0
| Oct mean C = 20.0
| Nov mean C = 15.7
| Dec mean C = 9.7
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="experience.arcgis.com">{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name = CMA2 >
{{cite web|url = http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |title = 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集|publisher = [[China Meteorological Administration]]
|language = Chinese |access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name = Mherrera>{{cite web|url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm|title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World|access-date= 2024-09-22}}</ref>
| source = 
}}