Editing Chinatown, Manhattan (section)

====Influx of immigrants from Hong Kong and Guangdong====
After 1965, there came a wave of Cantonese speakers from Hong Kong and Guangdong province in mainland China, and [[Standard Cantonese]] became the dominant tongue. With the influx of Hong Kong immigrants, it was developing and growing into a Hong Kongese neighborhood, however the growth slowed down later on during the 1980s–90s.<ref name="Skeldon1994">{{cite book |author=Ronald Skeldon |title=Reluctant Exiles?: Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JFiyWCjrOQC&pg=PA256 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1994 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-334-8 |pages=256–}}</ref><ref name="ChanPostiglione1996">{{cite book |author1=Ming K. Chan |author2=Gerard A. Postiglione |title=The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/hongkongreaderpa00ming |url-access=registration |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-870-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hongkongreaderpa00ming/page/174 174]–}}</ref>

Through the 1970s and 1980s, the influx of Guangdong and Hong Kong immigrants began to develop newer portions of Manhattan's Chinatown going north of Canal Street and then later the east of [[the Bowery]]. However, until the 1980s, the western section was the most primarily fully Chinese developed and populated part of Chinatown and the most quickly flourishing busy central Chinese business district with still a little bit of remaining Italians in the very northwest portion around Grand Street and Broome Street, which eventually all moved away and became all Chinese by the 1990s.<ref name="Durham2006">{{cite book |author=Michael S. Durham |title=National Geographic Traveler: New York, 2d Ed. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARaQ_rJUz74C&pg=PT71 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=March 21, 2006 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-7922-5370-9 |pages=71– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171504/https://books.google.com/books?id=ARaQ_rJUz74C&pg=PT71#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bramblett2003">{{cite book |author=Reid Bramblett |title=Frommer's Memorable Walks in New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n3U_yFnyBIC&pg=PA29 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=August 20, 2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-7645-5641-8 |pages=29– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171404/https://books.google.com/books?id=6n3U_yFnyBIC&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Singer1981">{{cite book |author=Isaac Bashevis Singer |title=A Crown of Feathers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YGEb73h7fAC&pg=PA135 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=April 1, 1981 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-374-51624-6 |pages=135– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171506/https://books.google.com/books?id=-YGEb73h7fAC&pg=PA135 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the portion of Chinatown that is east of the Bowery—which is considered part of the Lower East Side already started developing as being part of Chinatown since the influx of Chinese immigrants started spilling over into that section since the 1960s, however until the 1980s, it was still not developing as quickly as the western portion of Chinatown because the proportion and concentration of Chinese residents in the eastern section during that time was comparatively growing at a slower rate and being more scattered than the western section in addition to the fact that there was a higher proportion of remaining non-Chinese residents consisting of Jewish, Puerto Ricans, and a few Italians and African Americans than Chinatown's western section.<ref name="Inc1959">{{cite book |author=Time Inc |title=LIFE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 7, 1959 |publisher=Time Inc |pages=36– |issn=0024-3019 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171448/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 1970s and 1980s, the eastern portion of Chinatown east of the Bowery was a very quiet section, and despite fears of crime, it was seen as attractive because of the availability of vacant affordable apartments.<ref name="Mele2000">{{cite book |author=Christopher Mele |title=Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gREBJiuIeoC&pg=PA138 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=March 15, 2000 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3181-0 |pages=138– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171406/https://books.google.com/books?id=6gREBJiuIeoC&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese female garment workers were especially targets of crime and often left work together to protect each other as they were heading home.<ref name="Bao2001">{{cite book |author=Xiaolan Bao |title=Holding Up More Than Half the Sky: Chinese Women Garment Workers in New York City, 1948–92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_-KjLInXdsC&pg=PA216 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-02631-7 |pages=216– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171426/https://books.google.com/books?id=5_-KjLInXdsC&pg=PA216#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Willett1996">{{cite book |author=Ralph Willett |title=The Naked City: Urban Crime Fiction in the USA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxoNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=Manchester University Press ND |isbn=978-0-7190-4301-7 |pages=68– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171911/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxoNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DempseyForst2011">{{cite book |author1=John S. Dempsey |author2=Linda S. Forst |title=An Introduction to Policing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmUwsHp8m1wC&pg=PA266 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-111-13772-4 |pages=266– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171929/https://books.google.com/books?id=PmUwsHp8m1wC&pg=PA266 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lin2005">{{cite book |author=Jan Lin |title=The Urban Sociology Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOx34MBcHDMC&pg=PA312 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 20, 2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32342-0 |pages=312– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171929/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOx34MBcHDMC&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mendelsohn2009">{{cite book |author=Joyce Mendelsohn |title=The Lower East Side Remembered and Revisited: A History and Guide to a Legendary New York Neighborhood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmQLYB4h6MC&pg=PA29 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 1, 2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14761-3 |pages=29– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172043/https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmQLYB4h6MC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1985, a gang-related shooting injured seven people, including a 4-year-old boy, at 30 East Broadway in Chinatown. Two males, who were 15 and 16 years old and were members of a Chinese street gang, were arrested and convicted.<ref>Greer, William R. [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/25/nyregion/chinatown-youth-arrested-in-shooting-that-injured-7.html Chinatown youth arrested in shooting that injured 7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019152853/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/25/nyregion/chinatown-youth-arrested-in-shooting-that-injured-7.html |date=October 19, 2021 }}, ''The New York Times'', May 25, 1985.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/nyregion/2-in-a-chinatown-gang-convicted-in-shootings.html 2 in a Chinatown Gang Convicted in Shootings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811032254/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/nyregion/2-in-a-chinatown-gang-convicted-in-shootings.html |date=August 11, 2018 }}, ''The New York Times'', May 13, 1986.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/realestate/satellite-chinatowns-burgeon-throughout-new-york.html |title=Satellite Chinatowns Burgeon Throughout New York |date=September 14, 1986 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121834/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/realestate/satellite-chinatowns-burgeon-throughout-new-york.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/why-the-change/|title=Why the Change? – Gentrification in NYC &#124; Rosenberg 2018|website=eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu|access-date=April 10, 2019|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410144144/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/why-the-change/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many [[Hoa people|Chinese Vietnamese]], [[Laotian Chinese]], [[Chinese Cambodians]], and [[Malaysian Chinese]] immigrants also settled into the neighborhood as well.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9SP0NEhPV8C&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA29 | isbn=9780472021444 | title=Democracy's Promise: Immigrants and American Civic Institutions | date=December 18, 2008 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | access-date=March 18, 2023 | archive-date=June 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122122/https://books.google.com/books?id=q9SP0NEhPV8C&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA29 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wENIAQAAIAAJ&dq=malaysian+chinese+people+in+nyc+chinatown&pg=PA8 | title=Behavioral Causes of Census Undercount, New York City's Chinatown: Final Report for Joint Statistical Agreement 89-39 | year=1991 | publisher=Center for Survey Methods Research, Bureau of the Census | access-date=March 18, 2023 | archive-date=June 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=wENIAQAAIAAJ&dq=malaysian+chinese+people+in+nyc+chinatown&pg=PA8 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting in the 1970s, Mandarin-speaking Taiwanese immigrants and then many other Non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants also were arriving into New York City. However, due to the traditional dominance of Cantonese-speaking residents, which were largely working class in Manhattan's Chinatown and the neighborhood's poor housing conditions, they were unable to relate to Manhattan's Chinatown and mainly settled in Flushing, creating a more middle class [[Chinatown, Flushing|Mandarin Town]] and an even smaller one in Elmhurst. As a result, Manhattan's Chinatown and Brooklyn's emerging Chinatown were able to continue retaining its traditional, almost-exclusive Cantonese society. However, there was already a small and slow-growing [[Fuzhounese Americans|Fuzhou immigrant]] population in Manhattan's Chinatown since the 1970s–80s in the eastern section of Chinatown east of the Bowery. In the 1990s, though, Chinese people began to move into some parts of the western [[Lower East Side]], which 50 years earlier was populated by [[Eastern European Jews]] and 20 years earlier was occupied by [[Hispanic people|Hispanics]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}