Editing Chile (section)

====Pinochet era (1973–1990)====
{{Main|Military government of Chile (1973–90)|Miracle of Chile|Beagle conflict}}
[[File:Golpe de Estado 1973.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fighter aircraft|Fighter jets]] bombing the Presidential Palace of ''La Moneda'' during the [[Chilean coup of 1973]]]]
On 11 September 1973, a [[Chilean coup of 1973|military coup]] overthrew Allende, who apparently committed suicide as the armed forces bombarded the [[La Moneda Palace|presidential palace]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Óscar|last=Soto|title=El último día de Salvador Allende|year=1999|publisher=Aguilar|isbn=978-956-239-084-2}}{{page needed|date=July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Eugeno|last=Ahumada|title=Chile: La memoria prohibida}}{{page needed|date=July 2013}}</ref> The degree to which [[U.S. intervention in Chile#1973 coup|the United States was involved in the coup]] remains debated; after Allende was overthrown, U.S. Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] told [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Richard Nixon]] that the United States had "helped" the coup indirectly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |title=Kissinger and Chile: the Declassified Record |publisher=The National Security Archive |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=16 September 2013 |archive-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917045957/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Historian Sebastián Hurtado contends there is no documentary evidence to support that the U.S. government was actively involved in the coordination and execution the coup; however, upon Allende's election in 1970, Kissinger had stated "I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go Communist due to the irresponsibility of its own people",<ref name="k745">{{cite web | last=Lewis | first=Anthony | title=The Kissinger Doctrine | website=The New York Times | date=1975-02-27 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/27/archives/the-kissinger-doctrine.html | access-date=2024-05-08 | archive-date=12 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912084418/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/27/archives/the-kissinger-doctrine.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hurtado" /> while Nixon had expressed that the Allende government should not be consolidated and acted decisively to destabilize his government.<ref name="Hurtado">{{cite web |author1=Juan Paulo Iglesias |title=Sebastián Hurtado, historiador: "Estados Unidos no tuvo participación directa en el Golpe, pero sí quería que Allende cayera" |url=https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/sebastian-hurtado-historiador-estados-unidos-no-tuvo-participacion-directa-en-el-golpe-pero-si-queria-que-allende-cayera/3UXITS4IUNB3RPPB57ILMYDO64/ |publisher=La Tercera |access-date=12 January 2025 |language=es |date=25 August 2023 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912221446/https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/sebastian-hurtado-historiador-estados-unidos-no-tuvo-participacion-directa-en-el-golpe-pero-si-queria-que-allende-cayera/3UXITS4IUNB3RPPB57ILMYDO64/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hurtado |first1=Sebastián |title=Chile y Estados Unidos, 1964-1973. Una nueva mirada |journal=Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos |date=10 October 2016 |doi=10.4000/nuevomundo.69698 |language=es|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A military junta, led by General [[Augusto Pinochet]], took control of the country. His regime was marked by widespread [[Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile|human rights violation]]s. Chile initiated and actively participated in [[Operation Condor]], a U.S.-backed campaign to suppress leftists and their sympathizes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dinges |first1=John |title=Operation Condor |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chile/operation-condor.htm |website=latinamericanstudies.org |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722031734/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chile/operation-condor.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the [[Caravan of Death]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|title=Flashback: Caravan of Death|work=BBC|date=25 July 2000|access-date=11 March 2008|archive-date=26 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226211503/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Rettig Report]] and [[Valech Commission]], during the Pinochet regime's 15-year rule, at least 2,115 were killed,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ministerio del Interior |url=http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html |title=Ministerio del Interior, Programa de Derechos Humanos – ddhh_rettig |publisher=Ddhh.gov.cl |date=3 August 1999 |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223174254/http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html |archive-date=23 December 2009}}</ref> and at least 27,265<ref name=sintesis>{{cite web|url=http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf |title=Sintesis Ok |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031254/http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2007 }}</ref> were tortured (including 88 children younger than 12 years old);<ref name=sintesis/> many were detained, tortured, and executed at the national stadium. In 2011, Chile recognized an additional 9,800 victims, bringing the total number killed, tortured or imprisoned for political reasons to 40,018.<ref>Eva Vergara (18 August 2015). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Pinochet Victims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220056/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html |date=31 December 2015 }}. ''The Associated Press'' via ''The Huffington Post.'' Retrieved 25 August 2015.</ref> Among the victims was internationally known poet-singer [[Víctor Jara]]. 
[[File:Augusto Pinochet foto oficial coloreada.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Augusto Pinochet]]]]

A new Constitution was approved by a controversial [[plebiscite]] on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the [[Sandinista]] army in [[Nicaragua]], guerrilla forces in [[Argentina]] or training camps in [[Cuba]], Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pamela Constable |author-link=Pamela Constable |author2=Arturo Valenzuela |author2-link=Arturo Valenzuela |title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet|year=1993|publisher=W W Norton & Company Incorporated|isbn=978-0-393-30985-0|page=150|url=https://archive.org/details/nationofenemiesc00cons}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse<ref>{{cite book|last1=Klein|first1=Naomi|author-link=Naomi Klein|title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85|access-date=14 July 2013|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Henry Holt and Company (2007)|isbn=978-1-4299-1948-7|page=85|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020106/https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and mass [[civil resistance]] in 1983–88, the government gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, [[Freedom of speech|speech]], and association, to include trade union and political activity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Huneeus|first=Carlos|author-link=Carlos Huneeus|editor1=Adam Roberts|editor2=Timothy Garton Ash|title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168|access-date=14 July 2013|date=3 September 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161917-5|pages=197–212|chapter=Political Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet's Chile, 1983–88|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020252/https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The government launched market-oriented reforms with [[Hernán Büchi]] as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a [[free market economy]] that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the [[Copper#Production|copper]] industry and other important mineral resources were not opened to competition. In a [[1988 Chilean national plebiscite|plebiscite]] on 5 October 1988, Pinochet was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat [[Patricio Aylwin]], the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the ''[[Concertación]]'', received an absolute majority of votes (55%).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/world/man-in-the-news-patricio-aylwin-a-moderate-leads-chile.html|title=Man in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile|work=The New York Times|first=Shirley|last=Christian|date=16 December 1989|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729012944/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/world/man-in-the-news-patricio-aylwin-a-moderate-leads-chile.html|url-status=live}}</ref> President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.