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== Modern use in animal breeding == The cephalic index is used in the categorisation of animals, especially breeds of dogs and cats. ===Brachycephalic animals=== [[Image:Panting Frenchie.jpg|thumb|Brachycephalic [[French Bulldog]], with visible indications of laboured breathing.]] [[File:Brachycephalie.png|thumb|[[English Bulldog]]: Left: 1900–1920. Middle: Switzerland-Champion *1963 †1971. Right: Female *1985 †1993.]] [[File:Boxer Dog Craniofacial Angle.jpg|thumb|Craniofacial angle of a [[German Boxer|Boxer]]]] A brachycephalic skull is relatively broad and short (typically with the breadth at least 80% of the length). Dog breeds such as the [[pug]] are sometimes classified as "extreme brachycephalic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/health/for-owners/brachycephalic-health/|title=Brachycephalic Health|website=www.thekennelclub.org.uk|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref> Because of health issues brachycephaly is regarded in some countries as "qualzucht", which literally translates to "torture breeding"<ref>FOUR PAWS International: ''[https://www.four-paws.org/campaigns-topics/topics/companion-animals/breeding-of-dogs-with-genetic-disorders/the-suffering-of-dogs-with-genetic-disorders The suffering of dogs with genetic disorders]''</ref><ref>Anne Fawcett, [[Vanessa Barrs]], Magdoline Awad et al.: ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356869/ Consequences and Management of Canine Brachycephaly in Veterinary Practice: Perspectives from Australian Veterinarians and Veterinary Specialists]''</ref><ref>Border Wars: ''[http://www.border-wars.com/2011/07/torture-breeding.html Torture breeding]''</ref><ref>FECAVA: ''[https://www.fecava.org/policies-actions/healthy-breeding-3/ Brachycephalic issues: shared resources]''</ref> as it often leads to [[brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome]]. ====List of brachycephalic dogs==== [[Image:Murlough Beach (05), February 2010.JPG|thumb|Breeds with less extreme brachycephalia, such as the [[Boxer (dog)|Boxer]], have less compromised thermoregulation and thus are more tolerant of vigorous exercise and heat.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowrey |first=Sassafras |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Brachycephalic Dog Breeds: A Guide to Flat-Faced Dogs |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/brachycephalic-dog-breeds/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Affenpinscher]] * [[American Bulldog]] * [[American Bully]] * [[Boston Terrier]] * [[Boxer (dog)|Boxer]] * [[Brussels Griffon]] * [[Bulldog]] * [[Bullmastiff]] * [[Cane Corso]] * [[Cavalier King Charles Spaniel]] * Apple-headed [[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]] * [[Chow Chow]] * [[Dogo Argentino]] * [[Dogue de Bordeaux]] * [[English Mastiff]] * [[English Bulldog]] * [[Fila Brasileiro]] * [[French Bulldog]] * [[Japanese Chin ]] * [[King Charles Spaniel]] * [[Lhasa Apso]] * [[Lowchen]] * [[Neapolitan Mastiff]] * [[Newfoundland (dog)|Newfoundland]] * [[Olde English Bulldogge]] * [[Pekingese]] * [[Perro de Presa Canario]] * [[Pit bull]] * [[Pug]] * [[Pyrenean Mastiff]] * [[Shar-Pei]] * [[Shih Tzu]] * [[Tibetan Spaniel]] * [[Tosa (dog)|Tosa]] {{div col end}} ====List of brachycephalic cats==== [[File:Nipsu-Nappulan Non-Stop Exotic shorthair.JPG|thumb|An Exotic Shorthair]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brachycephalic Breeds of Cats {{!}} ASPCA Pet Health Insurance |url=https://www.aspcapetinsurance.com/resources/brachycephalic-cats/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.aspcapetinsurance.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Breathing Problems in Flat-faced Cat Breeds {{!}} Purina |url=https://www.purina-arabia.com/articles/cats/health/symptoms/flat-faced-cats |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.purina-arabia.com |language=en-AE}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[British Shorthair]] * [[Burmese cat]] * [[Exotic Shorthair]] * [[Himalayan cat]] * [[Persian cat]] * [[Scottish Fold]] * [[White tiger#Defects|White tiger]] {{div col end}} * [[Cheetah]] * [[Leopard]] * [[Jaguar]] * [[Snow Leopard]] * [[Mountain Lion]] ==== List of brachycephalic pigs==== <ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Geiger M, Schoenebeck JJ, Schneider RA, Schmidt MJ, Fischer MS, Sánchez-Villagra MR | title = Exceptional Changes in Skeletal Anatomy under Domestication: The Case of Brachycephaly | journal = Integrative Organismal Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = obab023 | date = 2021-08-14 | pmid = 34409262 | pmc = 8366567 | doi = 10.1093/iob/obab023 }}</ref> * [[Middle White]] * Neijiang ==== List of brachycephalic rabbits ==== <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Brachy breeds – not just dogs! Rabbits too |url=https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/brachy-breeds-not-just-dogs-rabbits-too/}}</ref> * [[Lionhead rabbit]] * [[Lop rabbit]] * [[Netherland Dwarf rabbit]] * [[Dwarf Papillon rabbit]] * [[Dwarf Hotot rabbit]] * [[Jersey Wooly rabbit]] * [[American Fuzzylop rabbit]] ====Other==== * [[Elephant]] * [[Giant panda]] * [[Ross seal]] * [[Spectacled bear]] * [[Walrus]] * [[Wombat]] * [[Australian Lowline]] * brachycephalic [[Arabian Horse]] * [[Niata cattle]] * [[Tortoise]] * [[Raccoon dog]] * [[European Bison]] * [[Otter]] * [[Sloth]] ===Mesaticephalic animals=== [[Image:Labrador Retriever black portrait Ellis.jpg|thumb|Mesocephalic [[Labrador Retriever]]]] A mesaticephalic skull is of intermediate length and width. Mesaticephalic skulls are not markedly brachycephalic or dolichocephalic. When dealing with animals, especially dogs, the more appropriate and commonly used term is not "mesocephalic", but rather "mesaticephalic", which is a ratio of head to nasal cavity. The breeds below exemplify this category.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Evans HE |year=1994 |title=Miller's Anatomy of the Dog |edition=3rd |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Saunders |isbn=9780721632001 |page=132 |oclc=827702042}}<!-- I've expanded the reference based on the available information; I hope the results are correct. Source for the additional details: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1203402.Miller_s_Anatomy_of_the_Dog . --></ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=mesaticephalic |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesaticephalic |encyclopedia=Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary |year=2012 |via=[[The Free Dictionary]] |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref> ====List of mesaticephalic canines==== {{unsourced section|date=December 2021}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[African Wild Dog]] * [[Alaskan Malamute]] * almost all [[spaniel]]s * almost all [[spitz]], except for the Chow Chow * [[American Eskimo Dog]] * [[American Foxhound]] * [[Appenzeller Sennenhund]] * [[Australian Cattle Dog]] * [[Australian Shepherd]] * [[Basenji]] * [[Beagle]] * [[Bearded Collie]] * [[Beauceron]] * [[Belgian Malinois]] * [[Belgian Sheepdog]] * [[Bernese Mountain Dog]] * [[Bichon Frisé]] * [[Black and Tan Coonhound]] * [[Border Collie]] * [[Cardigan Welsh Corgi]] * [[Chesapeake Bay Retriever]] * pear- and deer-headed [[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]]s * [[Chinese Crested]] * [[Chinook (dog)|Chinook]] * [[Curly-Coated Retriever]] * [[Dalmatian (dog)|Dalmatian]] * [[Dhole]] * [[English Foxhound]] * [[Field Spaniel]] * [[Finnish Lapphund]] * [[Finnish Spitz]] * [[Flat-Coated Retriever]] * [[German Shorthaired Pointer]] * [[German Wirehaired Pointer]] * [[German Spitz]] * [[Golden Retriever]] * [[Irish Setter]] * [[Komondor]] * [[Labrador Retriever]] * [[Miniature Pinscher]] * [[Pomeranian (dog)|Pomeranian]] * [[Poodle]] (Miniature and Toy) * most [[terrier]]s * [[Mudi]] * [[Pembroke Welsh Corgi]] * [[Puli dog|Puli]] * [[Rottweiler]] * [[Samoyed (dog)|Samoyed]] * [[Siberian Husky]] * [[St. Bernard (dog)|St. Bernard]] * [[Vizsla]] * [[Weimaraner]] * [[Wirehaired Vizsla]] * [[Xoloitzcuintle]] {{div col end}} ====List of mesaticephalic cats==== {{unsourced section|date=December 2021}} Note: Almost all domestic felines are [[mesaticephalic]] (“medium-headed”) {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Abyssinian (cat)|Abyssinian]] * [[American Shorthair]] * [[American Bobtail]] * [[Bengal cat]] * [[Birman]] * [[Bombay cat]] * [[Burmese cat]] * [[Chartreux]] * [[Chausie]] * [[Colorpoint Shorthair]] * [[Cymric cat]] * [[Egyptian Mau]] * [[Felid hybrid]]s * ''[[Felis]]'', or small cats * [[Maine Coon]] * [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] * [[Munchkin cat]] * [[Norwegian forest cat]] * [[Ocicat]] * [[Pallas's cat]] * [[Ragdoll]] * [[Russian Blue]] * [[Russian White, Black and Tabby]] * [[Selkirk Rex]] * [[Siberian cat]] * [[Somali cat|Somali]] * [[Toyger]] * [[Turkish Angora]] * [[Turkish Van]] {{div col end}} ====List of mesaticephalic rabbits==== * [[Dutch rabbit]] * [[Mini Rex]] * [[Polish rabbit]] * [[New Zealand rabbit]] * [[American Sable]] ====Other==== * [[Aardwolf]] * [[Alligator]] * [[American black bear]] * [[Brown bear]] * [[Brown hyena]] * [[Fur seal]] * [[Guinea pig]] * [[Leopard seal]] * [[Raccoon]] * [[Sea lion]] * [[Sloth bear]] * [[Spotted hyena]] * [[Striped hyena]] * [[Sun bear]] * [[Tasmanian devil]] ===Dolichocephalic animals=== [[Image:Kufa charta - borzoja.jpg|thumb|Dolichocephalic [[Borzoi]]]] A dolichocephalic skull is relatively long-headed (typically with the breadth less than 80% or 75% of the length). Note: Almost all representatives of the infraphylum [[Gnathostomata]] (with rare exceptions) are dolichocephalic. ====List of dolichocephalic canids==== {{unsourced section|date=December 2021}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} Note: Almost all canidae are dolichocephalic * [[Afghan Hound]] * [[Airedale Terrier]] * [[Azawakh]] * [[Basset Hound]] * [[Bedlington Terrier]] * [[Bloodhound]] * [[Borzoi]] * [[Bull terrier]] * [[Cesky Terrier]] * [[Coyote]] * [[Dachshund]] * [[Doberman Pinscher]] * [[Dingo]] * [[Fox Terrier]] * [[Galgo Español]] * [[German Shepherd|German Shepherd Dog]] * [[Great Dane]] * [[Greyhound]] * [[Irish Terrier]] * [[Irish Wolfhound]] * [[Italian Greyhound]] * [[Kangaroo dog|Kangaroo hound]] * [[Kanni]] * [[Kerry Blue Terrier]] * [[Khalag Tazi]] * [[Long dog]] * [[Lurcher]] * [[Manchester Terrier]] * [[Miniature Bull Terrier]] * [[Peruvian Hairless Dog|Peruvian Inca Orchid]] * [[Pharaoh Hound]] * [[Poodle]] (Standard) * [[Rampur Greyhound]] * [[Rough Collie]] * [[Russian Black Terrier]] * [[Saluki]] * [[Schnauzer]] * [[Scottish Deerhound]] * [[Scottish Terrier]] * [[Sealyham Terrier]] * [[Serbian Hound]] * [[Shetland Sheepdog]] * [[Silken Windhound]] * [[Sloughi]] * [[Smooth Collie]] * [[Taigan]] * [[Welsh Terrier]] * [[Whippet]] * [[Wolf]] {{div col end}} {{Anchor|List of dolicocephalic felines|reason=This is the old section name. Spelling of "dolichocephalic" was corrected on 21 February 2018.}} ====List of dolichocephalic felines==== {{unsourced section|date=December 2021}} {{div col|colwidth=12em}} * [[Balinese (cat)|Balinese]] * [[Devon Rex]] * [[Donskoy (cat)|Donskoy]] * [[Jaguar]] * [[Javanese cat|Javanese]] * [[Leopard]] * [[Lion]] * [[Ocelot]] * [[Oriental Bicolor]] and Tricolor * [[Oriental Longhair]] * [[Oriental Shorthair]] * [[Panthera hybrid|''Panthera'' hybrid]] * [[Peterbald]] * [[Machairodontinae|Sabertooth cats]] * [[Savannah (cat)|Savannah]] * [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] * [[Snow leopard]] * [[Sphynx (cat)|Sphynx]] * [[Tiger]] {{div col end}} {{Anchor|List of dolicocephalic leporids|reason=This is the old section name. Spelling of "dolichocephalic" was corrected on 21 February 2018.}} ====List of dolichocephalic leporids==== * [[English Spot]] * [[English Lop]] * [[Belgian Hare]] * All true [[hare]]s ====Other==== {{div col|colwidth=12em}} * [[Baboon]] * [[Bontebok]] * [[Crocodile]] * [[Cow]] * [[Dinosaur]] (including [[bird]]s) * [[Dolphin]] * [[Domestic horse]] * [[Donkey]] * [[Gharial]] * [[Grevy's zebra]] * [[Hartebeest]] * [[Hyrax]] * [[Kangaroo]] * [[Mule]] * [[Onager]] * [[Plains zebra]] * [[Polar bear]] * [[Thylacine]] * [[Warthog]] * [[Whale]] * [[Wild boar]] * [[Wildebeest]] {{div col end}}
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