Editing Central Asia (section)

=== Invasion routes through Central Asia ===
[[File:Mongol dominions1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Mongol Empire]] at its greatest extent. The gray area is the later [[Timurid Empire]].]]
Once populated by [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] tribes and other [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European speaking people]], Central Asia experienced numerous invasions emanating out of [[Southern Siberia]] and [[Mongolia]] that would drastically affect the region. Genetic data shows that the different Central Asian Turkic-speaking peoples have between ~22% and ~70% East Asian ancestry (represented by "Baikal hunter-gatherer ancestry" shared with other Northeast Asians and Eastern Siberians), in contrast to Iranian-speaking Central Asians, specifically [[Tajiks]], which display genetic continuity to [[Indo-Iranians]] of the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal|last1=Guarino-Vignon|first1=Perle|last2=Marchi|first2=Nina|last3=Bendezu-Sarmiento|first3=Julio|last4=Heyer|first4=Evelyne|last5=Bon|first5=Céline|date=14 January 2022|title=Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=733|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4|pmid=35031610|pmc=8760286|bibcode=2022NatSR..12..733G|issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dai|display-authors=etal|date=25 August 2022|title=The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/9/msac179/6675590|access-date=5 December 2022|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=39|issue=9|doi=10.1093/molbev/msac179|pmid=36006373|pmc=9469894|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205180435/https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/9/msac179/6675590|url-status=live}}</ref> Certain Turkic ethnic groups, specifically the [[Kazakhs]], display even higher East Asian ancestry. This is explained by substantial [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolian]] influence on the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] genome, through significant admixture between blue eyes, blonde hair, the medieval [[Kipchaks]] of Central Asia and the invading medieval Mongolians. The data suggests that the [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia]] had lasting impacts onto the genetic makeup of Kazakhs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Jing|last2=Wurigemule|first2=null|last3=Sun|first3=Jin|last4=Xia|first4=Ziyang|last5=He|first5=Guanglin|last6=Yang|first6=Xiaomin|last7=Guo|first7=Jianxin|last8=Cheng|first8=Hui-Zhen|last9=Li|first9=Yingxiang|last10=Lin|first10=Song|last11=Yang|first11=Tie-Lin|last12=Hu|first12=Xi|last13=Du|first13=Hua|last14=Cheng|first14=Peng|last15=Hu|first15=Rong|date=December 2020|title=Genetic substructure and admixture of Mongolians and Kazakhs inferred from genome-wide array genotyping|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33059477/|journal=Annals of Human Biology|volume=47|issue=7–8|pages=620–628|doi=10.1080/03014460.2020.1837952|issn=1464-5033|pmid=33059477|s2cid=222839155|access-date=6 December 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113192926/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33059477/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">Estimating the impact of the Mongol expansion upon the gene pool of Central Asians. ЛД Дамба · 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhabagin|first1=Maxat|last2=Sabitov|first2=Zhaxylyk|last3=Tarlykov|first3=Pavel|last4=Tazhigulova|first4=Inkar|last5=Junissova|first5=Zukhra|last6=Yerezhepov|first6=Dauren|last7=Akilzhanov|first7=Rakhmetolla|last8=Zholdybayeva|first8=Elena|last9=Wei|first9=Lan-Hai|last10=Akilzhanova|first10=Ainur|last11=Balanovsky|first11=Oleg|last12=Balanovska|first12=Elena|date=22 October 2020|title=The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=21|issue=1|pages=87|doi=10.1186/s12863-020-00897-5|issn=1471-2156|pmc=7583311|pmid=33092538|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khussainova|first1=Elmira|last2=Kisselev|first2=Ilya|last3=Iksan|first3=Olzhas|last4=Bekmanov|first4=Bakhytzhan|last5=Skvortsova|first5=Liliya|last6=Garshin|first6=Alexander|last7=Kuzovleva|first7=Elena|last8=Zhaniyazov|first8=Zhassulan|last9=Zhunussova|first9=Gulnur|last10=Musralina|first10=Lyazzat|last11=Kahbatkyzy|first11=Nurzhibek|last12=Amirgaliyeva|first12=Almira|last13=Begmanova|first13=Mamura|last14=Seisenbayeva|first14=Akerke|last15=Bespalova|first15=Kira|date=2022|title=Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=12|page=801295|doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.801295|pmid=35069700|pmc=8777105|issn=1664-8021|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Men from Khiva.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Uzbek men from [[Khiva]], {{c.|1861}}–1880]]
According to recent [[genetic genealogy]] testing, the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks clusters somewhere between the [[Iranian peoples]] and the [[Mongols]].<ref name="journal">{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/342096|author=Tatjana Zerjal|title=A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|year=2002|volume=71|issue=3|pages=466–482|pmid=12145751|pmc=419996|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Another study shows that the Uzbeks are closely related to other Turkic peoples of Central Asia and rather distant from Iranian people. The study also analysed the maternal and paternal DNA haplogroups and shows that Turkic speaking groups are more homogenous than Iranian speaking groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heyer|first1=Evelyne|last2=Balaresque|first2=Patricia|last3=Jobling|first3=Mark A.|last4=Quintana-Murci|first4=Lluis|last5=Chaix|first5=Raphaelle|last6=Segurel|first6=Laure|last7=Aldashev|first7=Almaz|last8=Hegay|first8=Tanya|date=1 September 2009|title=Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=10|issue=1|pages=49|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-10-49|issn=1471-2156|pmc=2745423|pmid=19723301|doi-access=free }}</ref> Genetic studies analyzing the full genome of Uzbeks and other Central Asian populations found that about ~27-60% of the Uzbek ancestry is derived from East Asian sources, with the remainder ancestry (~40–73%) being made up by European and Middle Eastern components.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mezzavilla|first1=Massimo|last2=Vozzi|first2=Diego|last3=Pirastu|first3=Nicola|last4=Girotto|first4=Giorgia|last5=d'Adamo|first5=Pio|last6=Gasparini|first6=Paolo|last7=Colonna|first7=Vincenza|date=5 December 2014|title=Genetic landscape of populations along the Silk Road: admixture and migration patterns|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=15|issue=1|pages=131|doi=10.1186/s12863-014-0131-6|issn=1471-2156|pmc=4267745|pmid=25476266|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Triska|first1=Petr|last2=Chekanov|first2=Nikolay|last3=Stepanov|first3=Vadim|last4=Khusnutdinova|first4=Elza K.|last5=Kumar|first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun|last6=Akhmetova|first6=Vita|last7=Babalyan|first7=Konstantin|last8=Boulygina|first8=Eugenia|last9=Kharkov|first9=Vladimir|last10=Gubina|first10=Marina|last11=Khidiyatova|first11=Irina|last12=Khitrinskaya|first12=Irina|last13=Khrameeva|first13=Ekaterina E.|last14=Khusainova|first14=Rita|last15=Konovalova|first15=Natalia|date=28 December 2017|title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=18|issue=1|pages=110|doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3|issn=1471-2156|pmc=5751809|pmid=29297395|doi-access=free }}</ref> According to a recent study, the Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Turkmens share more of their gene pool with various East Asian and Siberian populations than with West Asian or European populations, though the Turkmens have a large percentage from populations to the east, their main components are Central Asian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click+on+image+to+zoom&p=PMC3&id=4405460_pgen.1005068.g002.jpg|title=PubMed Central Image Viewer.|website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref> The study further suggests that both migration and linguistic assimilation helped to spread the Turkic languages in Eurasia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Villems|first1=Richard|last2=Khusnutdinova|first2=Elza|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Yepiskoposyan|first4=Levon|last5=Voevoda|first5=Mikhail|last6=Osipova|first6=Ludmila|last7=Malyarchuk|first7=Boris|last8=Derenko|first8=Miroslava|last9=Damba|first9=Larisa|date=21 April 2015|title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia|journal=PLOS Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006 |doi-access=free }}</ref>