Editing Causes of mental disorders (section)

=== Attachment theory ===
[[Attachment theory]] is a kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context of mental disorders, which focuses on the role of early caregiver-child relationships, responses to danger, and the search for a satisfying reproductive relationship in adulthood. According to this theory, a child's attachment is to a nurturing adult, the more likely that child will maintain healthy relationships with others in their life.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Keller H | title = Universality claim of attachment theory: Children's socioemotional development across cultures | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 115 | issue = 45 | pages = 11414–11419 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30397121 | pmc = 6233114 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1720325115 | bibcode = 2018PNAS..11511414K | doi-access = free }}</ref> As found by the [[Strange situation|Strange Situation experiment]] run by [[Mary Ainsworth]] based on the formulations of [[John Bowlby]], there are four patterns of attachment: [[secure attachment]], [[Attachment styles|avoidant attachment]], [[disorganized attachment]], and [[ambivalent attachment]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters E, Hamilton CE, Weinfield NS | title = The stability of attachment security from infancy to adolescence and early adulthood: general introduction | journal = Child Development | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 678–683 | date = 2000 | pmid = 10953933 | doi = 10.1111/1467-8624.00175 | jstor = 1132385 }}</ref> Later research found the fourth pattern of attachment is known as [[Disorganized attachment|disorganized disoriented attachment]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fearon RP, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH, Lapsley AM, Roisman GI | title = The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: a meta-analytic study | journal = Child Development | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 435–456 | date = 2010 | pmid = 20438450 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x | jstor = 40598991 | url = https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/17513/1/Fearon_et_al.%2C_2010.pdf }}</ref> Secure attachments reflect trust in the child-caretaker relationship while insecure attachment reflects mistrust. The security of attachment in a child affects the child's emotional, cognitive, and social competence later in life.<ref name=":0" />