Editing Catilinarian orations (section)

== Fourth Catilinarian ==
{{anchor|Oratio in Catilinam Quarta in Senatu Habita|The Fourth Oration}}

[[File:Cicero, Catiline Orations, Florence, Plut. 48,22.jpg|thumb|End of the 4th Catiliniarian Oration, in a manuscript written by [[Poggio Bracciolini]]. Florence, [[Laurentian Library|Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana]], Plut. 48,22, fol. 121r.]]

In his fourth and final published<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0022%3Atext%3DA%3Abook%3D2%3Aletter%3D1 |author=M. Tullius Cicero |work=Letters to Atticus |editor1=Evelyn Shuckburgh |editor2=Evelyn S. Shuckburgh |title=Cic. Att. 2.1}}</ref> argument, which took place in the [[Temple of Concord]]ia, Cicero establishes a basis for other orators (primarily [[Cato the Younger]]) to argue for the [[capital punishment|execution]] of the conspirators. As [[consul]], Cicero was formally not allowed to voice any opinion in the matter, but he circumvented the rule with subtle oratory. Although very little is known about the actual debate (except for Cicero's argument, which has probably been altered from its original), the Senate majority probably opposed the [[death sentence]] for various reasons, one of which was the nobility of the accused. For example, [[Julius Caesar]] argued that [[exile]] and [[disenfranchisement]] would be sufficient punishment for the conspirators, and one of the accused, Lentulus, was a [[praetor]]. However, after the combined efforts of Cicero and Cato, the vote shifted in favor of execution, and the sentence was carried out shortly afterwards.

While some historians{{Dubious|date=February 2012}} agree that Cicero's actions, in particular the final speeches before the Senate, may have saved the [[Roman Republic|Republic]], they also reflect his self-aggrandisement and, to a certain extent envy, probably born out of the fact that he was considered a ''[[novus homo]]'', a Roman citizen without noble or ancient lineage.<ref>Robert W. Cape, Jr.: "The rhetoric of politics in Cicero's fourth Catilinarian", ''American Journal of Philology'', 1995</ref>