Editing Catalonia (section)

=== Late modern history ===
[[File:Cesar Alvarez Dumont - El Gran dia de Girona.jpg|thumb|[[Third siege of Girona]] (1809), [[Peninsular War]] against Napoleon]]

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Catalonia was severely affected by the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. In 1808, it was occupied by French troops; the resistance against the occupation eventually developed into the [[Peninsular War]]. The rejection of French dominion was institutionalized with the creation of "juntas" (councils) who, remaining loyal to the Bourbons, exercised the sovereignty and representation of the territory due to the disappearance of the old institutions. In 1810, Napoleon took direct control of Catalonia, creating the Government of Catalonia under the rule of [[Marshall Augereau]], and making Catalan briefly an official language again. Between 1812 and 1814, Catalonia was annexed to France.<ref>''{{cite web|url=http://www.histoire-empire.org/departements/france_modifications.htm|title=Les modifications intérieures de la France|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519002900/http://www.histoire-empire.org/departements/france_modifications.htm|url-status=live}}''</ref> The French troops evacuated Catalan territory at the end of 1814. After the Bourbon restoration in Spain and the death of the absolutist king [[Ferdinand VII]] (1833), [[Carlist Wars]] erupted against the newly established [[Liberalism|liberal state]] of [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]]. Catalonia was divided, with the coastal and most industrialized areas supporting liberalism, while most of the countryside were in the hands of the [[Carlism|Carlist faction]]; the latter proposed to reestablish the institutional systems suppressed by the Nueva Planta decrees in the ancient realms of the Crown of Aragon. The consolidation of the liberal state saw a new provincial division of Spain, including Catalonia, which was divided into four provinces (Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona).

[[File:TragicWeekroundup.jpg|thumb|left|Suspects rounded up by the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] during the [[Tragic Week (Spain)|Tragic Week]], 1909]]
In the second third of the 19th{{nbsp}}century, Catalonia became an important industrial center, particularly focused on [[History of the cotton industry in Catalonia|textiles]]. This process was a consequence of the conditions of proto-industrialisation of textile production in the prior two centuries, growing capital from wine and brandy export,<ref>{{cite book|first=Francesc|last=Valls Junyent|year=2004|title=La Catalunya atlàntica: aiguardent i teixits a l'arrencada industrial catalana|trans-title=Atlantic Catalonia: brandy and textiles at the beginning of the catalan industrialisation|location=Vic| language=ca| publisher=Eumo|isbn=84-9766-044-7}}</ref>{{rp|page=27}}
and was later boosted by the government support for domestic manufacturing. In 1832, the [[Bonaplata Factory]] in Barcelona became the first factory in the country to make use of the [[steam engine]].
<ref>{{Cite book|first=J.K.J.|last=Thomson|title=A distinctive industrialisation. Cotton in Barcelona 1728–1832|year=1992|isbn=0-521-39482-1|language=en|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLfvq7-5_a8C|access-date=14 July 2022|archive-date=25 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425120734/https://books.google.com/books?id=FLfvq7-5_a8C|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=308}}
The first railway on the Iberian Peninsula was built between Barcelona and [[Mataró]] in 1848.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} A policy to encourage [[Company town#Industrial colonies in Catalonia|company towns]] also saw the textile industry flourish in the countryside in the 1860s and 1870s. Although the policy of Spanish governments oscillated between free trade and protectionism, {{ill|protectionist laws|es|Ley de Relaciones Comerciales con las Antillas|vertical-align=sup}} become more common. To this day Catalonia remains one of the most industrialised areas of Spain. In the same period, Barcelona was the focus of industrial conflict and revolutionary uprisings known as "bullangues". In Catalonia, a [[republicanism|republican]] current began to develop among the progressives, attrackting many Catalans who favored the federalisation of Spain. Meanwhile, the Catalan language saw a [[Romanticism|Romantic]] cultural renaissance from the second third of the century onwards, the ''[[Renaixença]]'', among both the working class and the bourgeoisie. Right after the fall of the [[First Spanish Republic]] (1873–1874) and the subsequent restoration of the Bourbon dynasty (1874), Catalan nationalism began to be organized politically under the leadership of the republican federalist [[Valentí Almirall i Llozer|Valentí Almirall]].

[[File:Proclamació Segona República Francesc Macià. Amadeu Aragay. 14 abril 1931.jpg|thumb|[[Francesc Macià]] proclaiming the [[Catalan Republic (1931)|Catalan Republic]] on 14 April 1931 in Barcelona]]
The [[anarchist]] movement had been active throughout the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century, founding the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] trade union in 1910 and achieving one of the first [[eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]] in Europe in 1919.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914–1923]]|last=Meaker|first=Gerald H.|date=1974|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RM6rAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA158 159] ff|isbn=0-8047-0845-2}}</ref> Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated in the [[Tragic Week (Catalonia)|Tragic Week]] (Catalan: ''Setmana Tràgica'') in Barcelona in 1909. Under the hegemony of the [[Regionalist League of Catalonia|Regionalist League]], Catalonia gained a degree of administrative unity for the first time in the Modern era. In 1914, the four Catalan provinces were authorized to create a [[Commonwealth of Catalonia|commonwealth]] (Catalan: ''Mancomunitat''), lacking legislative power or political autonomy, which carried out an ambitious program of modernization, but it was disbanded in 1925 by the dictatorship of [[Miguel Primo de Rivera|Primo de Rivera]] (1923–1930). During the final stage of the Dictatorship, with Spain beginning to suffer an economic crisis, Barcelona hosted the [[1929 Barcelona International Exposition|1929 International Exposition]].<ref name="MonclúsFraga2006">{{cite book|author1=Monclús, Francisco Javier|author2=Francisco Javier Monclús Fraga|title=Exposiciones internacionales y urbanismo: el proyecto Expo Zaragoza 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2d6KJ2VnfAkC&pg=PA48|year=2006|publisher=Univ. Politèc. de Catalunya|isbn=978-84-8301-893-4|page=48|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519024403/https://books.google.com/books?id=2d6KJ2VnfAkC&pg=PA48|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the fall of the dictatorship and a brief proclamation of the [[Catalan Republic (1931)|Catalan Republic]], during the events of the proclamation of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (14–17{{nbsp}}April{{nbsp}}1931),<ref>Roglan, Joaquim (2006). ''14 d'abril: la Catalunya republicana (1931–1939)''. Cossetània Edicions, p.13 {{ISBN|8497912039}}</ref> Catalonia received, in 1932, its [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932|first Statute of Autonomy]] from the Spanish Republic's Parliament, granting it a considerable degree of self-governance, establishing an autonomous body, the Generalitat of Catalonia, which included a [[Parliament of Catalonia|parliament]]. The left-wing pro-independence leader [[Francesc Macià]] was appointed its first president. Under the Statute, Catalan became an official language. The governments of the [[Autonomous Region of Catalonia (1931-1939)|Republican Generalitat]], led by the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] (ERC) leaders Francesc Macià (1931–1933) and [[Lluís Companys]] (1933–1940), sought to implement a modernizing and progressive social agenda, despite the internal difficulties. This period was marked by political unrest, the effects of the economic crisis and their social repercussions. The Statute of Autonomy was suspended in 1934, due to the [[Events of 6 October]] in Barcelona, after the accession of right-wing Spanish nationalist party [[CEDA]] to the government of the Republic, considered close to [[fascism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Finestres|first1=Jordi|last2=López|first2=Manel|title=Entre la revolució i l'estelada|journal=Sàpiens|year=2014|location=Barcelona|language=ca|issn=1695-2014|pages=31–32}}</ref> After the electoral victory of the left wing [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] in February 1936, the Government of Catalonia was pardoned and the self-government was restored.