Editing Carl Linnaeus (section)

==Expedition to Lapland==
{{main|Expedition to Lapland|Flora Lapponica}}
[[File:Carolus Linnaeus by Hendrik Hollander 1853-2.jpg|thumb|right|Carl Linnaeus in Laponian costume (1737)]]
During a visit with his parents, Linnaeus told them about his plan to travel to [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]]; Rudbeck had made the journey in 1695, but the detailed results of his exploration were lost in a fire seven years afterwards. Linnaeus's hope was to find new plants, animals and possibly valuable minerals. He was also curious about the customs of the native [[Sami people]], reindeer-herding nomads who wandered Scandinavia's vast tundras. In April 1732, Linnaeus was awarded a grant from the [[Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala]] for his journey.<ref>[[#Anderson|Anderson (1997)]], pp. 42–43.</ref><ref>[[#Blunt2001|Blunt (2001)]], p. 38.</ref>
[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - Martin Hoffman - Carl von Linné (Linnaeus) in his Lapland costume - painting.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Wearing the traditional dress of the [[Sami people]] of [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]], holding the [[twinflower]], later known as ''Linnaea borealis'', that became his personal emblem. Martin Hoffman, 1737.]]

Linnaeus began his expedition from Uppsala on 12 May 1732, just before he turned 25.<ref name="David Black">{{Cite book|title = Carl Linnaeus Travels|editor-last = Black|editor-first = David|publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons|year = 1979|isbn = 978-0-684-15976-8|page = 8}}</ref> He travelled on foot and horse, bringing with him his journal, botanical and [[ornithological]] manuscripts and sheets of paper for pressing plants. Near [[Gävle]] he found great quantities of ''Campanula serpyllifolia'', later known as ''[[Linnaea borealis]]'', the twinflower that would become his favourite.<ref>[[#Blunt2001|Blunt (2001)]], pp. 42–43.</ref> He sometimes dismounted on the way to examine a flower or rock<ref>[[#Anderson|Anderson (1997)]], pp. 43–44.</ref> and was particularly interested in [[moss]]es and [[lichen]]s, the latter a main part of the diet of the [[reindeer]], a common and economically important animal in Lapland.<ref>[[#Anderson|Anderson (1997)]], p. 46.</ref>

Linnaeus travelled clockwise around the coast of the [[Gulf of Bothnia]], making major inland incursions from [[Umeå]], [[Luleå]] and [[Tornio]]. He returned from his six-month-long, over {{convert|2000|km|mi}} expedition in October, having gathered and observed many plants, birds and rocks.<ref>[[#Blunt2001|Blunt (2001)]], pp. 63–65.</ref><ref>[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], pp. 39–42.</ref><ref name="Broberg29">[[#Broberg|Broberg (2006)]], p. 29.</ref> Although Lapland was a region with limited [[biodiversity]], Linnaeus described about 100 previously unidentified plants. These became the basis of his book ''{{lang|la|[[Flora Lapponica]]}}''.<ref>[[#Quammen|Quammen (2007)]], p. 2.</ref><ref>[[#Stöver|Stöver (1794)]], pp. 38–39.</ref> However, on the expedition to Lapland, Linnaeus used Latin names to describe organisms because he had not yet developed the binomial system.<ref name="David Black" />

In ''{{lang|la|Flora Lapponica}}'' Linnaeus's ideas about [[nomenclature]] and [[Biological classification|classification]] were first used in a practical way, making this the first proto-modern [[Flora (publication)|Flora]].<ref name="Frodin_p27"/> The account covered 534 species, used the Linnaean classification system and included, for the described species, geographical distribution and taxonomic notes. It was [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] who attributed Linnaeus with ''{{lang|la|Flora Lapponica}}'' as the first example in the botanical genre of Flora writing. Botanical historian [[Edward Lee Greene|E. L. Greene]] described ''{{lang|la|Flora Lapponica}}'' as "the most classic and delightful" of Linnaeus's works.<ref name="Frodin_p27">[[#Frodin|Frodin (2001)]], p. 27.</ref>

It was during this expedition that Linnaeus had a [[Eureka effect|flash of insight]] regarding the classification of mammals. Upon observing the lower jawbone of a horse at the side of a road he was travelling, Linnaeus remarked: "If I only knew how many teeth and of what kind every animal had, how many teats and where they were placed, I should perhaps be able to work out a perfectly natural system for the arrangement of all quadrupeds."<ref>[[#Blunt2001|Blunt (2001)]], p. 54.</ref>

In 1734, Linnaeus led a small group of students to [[Dalarna]]. Funded by the Governor of Dalarna, the expedition was to catalogue known natural resources and discover new ones, but also to gather intelligence on Norwegian mining activities at [[Røros (town)|Røros]].<ref name="Broberg29"/>