Editing Carl Jung (section)

===Relationship with Freud===
{{See also|Psychoanalysis}}

====Meeting and collaboration====
[[File:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark 1909.jpg|thumb|left|Group photo 1909 in front of [[Clark University]]. Front row, [[Sigmund Freud]], [[G. Stanley Hall]], Carl Jung. Back row, [[Abraham Brill]], [[Ernest Jones]], [[Sándor Ferenczi]].]]

Jung and Freud influenced each other during the intellectually formative years of Jung's life. Jung became interested in psychiatry as a student by reading ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]]'' by [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]]. In 1900, Jung completed his degree and started work as an intern (voluntary doctor) under the psychiatrist [[Eugen Bleuler]] at Burghölzli Hospital.<ref>Wehr, Gerhard. (1987). ''Jung – A Biography''. Boston/Shaftesbury: Shambhala. {{ISBN|978-0-87773-455-0}}. p.&nbsp;77</ref> It was Bleuler who introduced him to the writings of Freud by asking him to write a review of ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (1899). In the early 1900s [[psychology]] as a science was still in its early stages, but Jung became a qualified proponent of Freud's new "psycho-analysis". Freud needed collaborators and pupils to validate and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zurich, and Jung's research had already gained him international recognition. Jung sent Freud a copy of his ''Studies in Word Association'' in 1906.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1990|title=William McGuire, Ed. The Freud/Jung letters: The correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung, translated by Ralph Manheim and R. F. C. Hull. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988 (first published in 1974 by Princeton University Press). 736 pp. $15.95 (paper)|journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences|volume=26|issue=3|page=303|doi=10.1002/1520-6696(199007)26:3<303::aid-jhbs2300260335>3.0.co;2-e|issn=0022-5061}}</ref> The same year, he published ''Diagnostic Association Studies'', a copy of which he later sent to Freud, who had already purchased a copy.<ref name=diagnostic/> Preceded by a lively correspondence, Jung met Freud for the first time in Vienna on 3 March 1907.<ref>Wehr, p. 105-6.</ref> Jung recalled the discussion between himself and Freud as interminable and unceasing for 13 hours.<ref>Peter Gay, ''Freud: a Life for Our Time'' (London, 1988) p. 202.</ref> Six months later, the then 50-year-old Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zurich. This began an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted six years.<ref>McGuire, W. 1974. ''The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung''. Translated by Ralph Manheim and R.F.C. Hull. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-09890-6}}</ref> In 1908, Jung became an editor of the newly founded ''Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research''.

In 1909, Jung traveled with Freud and Hungarian psychoanalyst [[Sándor Ferenczi]] to the United States; in September, they took part in a conference at [[Clark University]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], Massachusetts. The conference at Clark University was planned by the psychologist [[G. Stanley Hall]] and included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists. It represented a watershed in the acceptance of psychoanalysis in North America. This forged welcome links between Jung and influential Americans.<ref name=king>{{Cite book|last=Rosenzwieg |first=Saul |title=Freud, Jung and Hall the King-Maker |year=1992 |publisher=Rana House Press |isbn=978-0-88937-110-1}}</ref> Jung returned to the United States the next year for a brief visit.

In 1910, Freud proposed Jung, "his adopted eldest son, his crown prince, and successor," for the position of lifetime President of the newly formed [[International Psychoanalytical Association]]. However, after forceful objections from his Viennese colleagues, it was agreed Jung would be elected to serve a two-year term of office.<ref>{{cite book|last=Makari|first=George|title=Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis|publisher=Duckworth|date=2008|pages=[https://archive.org/details/revolutioninmind0000maka/page/249 249]|isbn=978-0-7156-3759-3|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutioninmind0000maka/page/249}}</ref>

====Divergence and break====
[[File:Jung 1910-crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Jung outside Burghölzli in 1910]]
While Jung worked on his ''Psychology of the Unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido'', tensions manifested between him and Freud because of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of [[libido]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jung|first=Carl|title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesdreamsre00jung|url-access=registration|year=1963|publisher=Pantheon Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/memoriesdreamsre00jung/page/206 206]}}</ref> Jung {{nowrap|de-emphasized}} the importance of sexual development and focused on the collective unconscious: the part of the unconscious that contains memories and ideas that Jung believed were inherited from ancestors. While he did think that the libido was an important source of personal growth, unlike Freud, Jung did not think that the libido alone was responsible for the formation of the core personality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Heth|title=Psychology: The Science of Behavior|year=2010|publisher=Pearson|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-64524-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc0004unse/page/434 434]|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc0004unse/page/434}}</ref>

In 1912, these tensions came to a peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his colleague [[Ludwig Binswanger]] in [[Kreuzlingen]] without paying him a visit in nearby Zurich, an incident Jung referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture". Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the US and gave the [[Fordham University]] lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the year as ''Psychology of the Unconscious'', subsequently republished as ''[[Symbols of Transformation]]''. While they contain remarks on Jung's dissenting view on the libido, they represent largely a "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the theory of analytical psychology, for which he became famous in the following decades. Nonetheless, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost me my friendship with Freud".<ref name="Gay 2006 225">{{cite book|last=Gay|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Gay|title= Freud: A Life for Our Time|publisher=Norton| date =2006 | page = 225}}</ref>

Another disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious.<ref>Mary Williams, "The Indivisibility of the Personal and Collective Unconscious", ''Journal of Analytical Psychology'' 8.1, January 1963. See also: Jung, ''Collected Works'' vol. 9.I (1959), "The Concept of the Collective Unconscious" (1936), ¶91 (p. 43).</ref> Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete, unnecessarily negative, and inelastic. According to Jung, Freud conceived the unconscious solely as a repository of repressed emotions and desires.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/jun/06/carl-jung-freud-nazis|title=Carl Jung, part 2: A troubled relationship with Freud – and the Nazis|last=Vernon|first=Mark|date=6 June 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=19 July 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Jung's observations overlap to an extent with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the "[[personal unconscious]]", but his hypothesis is more about a process than a static model, and he also proposed the existence of a second, overarching form of the unconscious beyond the personal, that he named the psychoid—a term borrowed from neo-vitalist philosopher and embryologist [[Hans Driesch]] (1867–1941)—but with a somewhat altered meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Addison, Ann|title=Jung, vitalism and the ''psychoid'': an historical reconstruction|journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology|year=2009|volume=54|issue=1|pages=123–42|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5922.2008.01762.x|pmid=19161521}}</ref> The [[collective unconscious]] is not so much a 'geographical location', but a deduction from the alleged ubiquity of [[Jungian archetypes|archetypes]] over space and time.{{clarify|date=December 2023}}

In November 1912, Jung and Freud met in [[Munich]] for a meeting among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals.<ref name=jones1963>Jones, Ernest, ed. [[Lionel Trilling]] and Steven Marcus. ''The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud'', New York: Anchor Books, 1963.</ref> At a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay on [[Amenhotep IV]], Jung expressed his views on how it related to actual conflicts in the psychoanalytic movement. While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted, and Jung carried him to a couch.<ref name="theguardian" />

Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 at the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress in Munich. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the [[introvert]] and [[extravert]]ed types, in [[analytical psychology]].