Editing Cardinal (Catholic Church) (section)

=== Cardinal bishops ===
[[File: Card. Re WIKIPEDIA.png |thumb|upright|[[Giovanni Battista Re]] has been the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] since 2020.]]

Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order; {{Langx|la|cardinales episcopi}}) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]]s or [[archbishops]], few are "cardinal bishops". Until 1150, there were seven cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of the seven [[suburbicarian diocese|suburbicarian sees]] around Rome: [[Bishop of Ostia|Ostia]], [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano|Albano]], [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina|Porto and Santa Rufina]], [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina|Palestrina]], [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto|Sabina and Mentana]], [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Frascati]], and [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni|Velletri]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6YCpraE-7xcC&pg=PA468 John P. Beal, ''New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law''] (Paulist Press 2000 {{ISBN|978-0-80910502-1}}), p. 468.</ref> Of these seven, Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when [[Pope Pius X]] separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11346a.htm Umberto Benigni, "Ostia and Velletri" in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1911)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911061217/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11346a.htm |date=11 September 2013 }}; [https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2006%20%5B1914%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf Pope Pius X, motu proprio ''Edita a Nobis'' of 5 May 1914 in ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis'' VI (1914), pp. 219–220] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303051148/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2006%20%5B1914%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf |date=3 March 2013 }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.ewtn.com/holysee/interregnum/laws.asp |title=History of Papal Electoral Law |website=www.ewtn.com |access-date=1 September 2013 |archive-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517135110/http://www.ewtn.com/holysee/Interregnum/laws.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The actual number of cardinal bishops for the majority of the second millennium was thus six. Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a [[Titular church|titular]] relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|ordinary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620411_suburbicariis-sedibus.html |language=la |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=9 April 1962 |title=Suburbicariis sedibus |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |author=Pope John XXIII |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519135053/http://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620411_suburbicariis-sedibus.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the [[College of Cardinals]]. When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops.<ref name=droit>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15wpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136 |pages=136–40, esp. 137–8 "Comment se fait l'option" |language=fr |chapter=Le Droit d'Option des Cardinaux |title=Annuaire pontifical catholique |date=1908 |volume=XI |location=Paris |publisher=Maison de la Bonne Presse |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207053858/https://books.google.com/books?id=15wpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|In certain periods there were additional requirements. Since the 16th century, only a cardinal who was present within 25 [[League (unit)|league]]s of Rome when the vacancy occurred could exercise the option. When the see of [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Frascati]] became vacant upon the death of Cardinal [[Tommaso Maria Zigliara|Tommaso Zigliara]] on 11 May 1893, Cardinal [[Francesco Ricci Paracciani]] was in Siena, which disqualified him and allowed Cardinal [[Serafino Vannutelli]] to exercise the option and become cardinal bishop of Frascati.<ref name=droit/><ref>{{cite book |access-date=6 March 2021 |page=704 |title=Acta Sanctae Sedis |url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-26-1893-94-ocr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621172124/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-26-1893-94-ocr.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-21 |url-status=live |date=1893–94 |volume=XXVI}}</ref>}} [[Pope John XXIII]] abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19610310_ad-suburbicarias.html |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |author=John XXIII |title=Ad Suburbicarias Dioeceses |language=la |date=10 March 1961 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618001345/https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19610310_ad-suburbicarias.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|He exercised his new authority later that month by appointing [[Giuseppe Ferretto]] cardinal bishop of [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto|Sabina e Poggio Mirteto]] on 26 March 1961.<ref>{{cite book |access-date=6 March 2021 |page= 199 |title=Acta Apostolicae Sedis |url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-53-1961-ocr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412183402/http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-53-1961-ocr.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-12 |url-status=live |date=1961 |volume=LIII}}</ref> Ferretto was the lowest ranking member of the order of cardinal priests and only 62. He had been a cardinal for ten weeks.<ref>{{cite book |access-date=5 March 2021 |title=The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5JVthemvvwC&pg=PA120 |page=120 |first=Anura |last=Guruge |date=2010 |edition=2nd Revised |publisher=WOWNH LLC |isbn=9780615353722 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207054025/https://books.google.com/books?id=B5JVthemvvwC&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

In 1965, [[Pope Paul VI]] decreed in his {{lang|la|[[motu proprio]] Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium}} that [[patriarch]]s of the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six Latin Church cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum.html |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |access-date=3 December 2017 |author=Pope Paul VI |language=la |date=11 February 1965 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117204903/https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Latin Church]] patriarchs who become cardinals are [[cardinal priest]]s, not cardinal bishops: for example [[Angelo Scola]] was made the [[Patriarch of Venice]] in 2002 and cardinal priest of [[Santi XII Apostoli]] in 2003. Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see, title or deaconry).

At the June 2018 consistory, [[Pope Francis]] increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their [[titular church]]es and deaconries suburbicarian rank {{lang|la|[[pro hac vice]]}} (temporarily)<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 June 2018 |url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/06/26/180626c.html |publisher=Holy See Press Office |date=26 June 2018 |title=Rescriptum of the Holy Father Francis ... |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024195711/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/06/26/180626c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |date=26 June 2018 |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/new-papal-appointments-reflect-popes-wish-transparency |access-date=26 June 2018 |title=New papal appointments reflect pope's wish for transparency |agency=Catholic News Service |first=Carol |last=Glatz |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192300/https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/new-papal-appointments-reflect-popes-wish-transparency |url-status=live }}</ref> Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020,<ref>{{cite press release |access-date=1 May 2020 |date=1 May 2020 |language=it |publisher=Holy See Press Office |title=RESCRIPTUM EX AUDIENTIA SS.MI: Rescritto del Santo Padre Francesco con cui ha deciso di cooptare nell'Ordine dei Vescovi, equiparandolo in tutto ai Cardinali insigniti del titolo di una Chiesa suburbicaria, l'Em.mo Cardinale Luis Antonio G. Tagle, 01.05.2020 |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/05/01/0258/00563.html |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200501182453/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/05/01/0258/00563.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RapplerCardinalBishop">{{Cite web |title=Pope promotes Tagle as one of 11 highest ranking cardinals |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/259678-pope-francis-promotes-tagle-cardinal-bishop |last=Esmaquel |first=Paterno II |date=1 May 2020 |website=Rappler |language=en |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501192554/https://www.rappler.com/nation/259678-pope-francis-promotes-tagle-cardinal-bishop |url-status=live }}</ref> bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to 11.

The [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]], the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. The current Dean is [[Giovanni Battista Re]] and the Vice-Dean is [[Leonardo Sandri]].