Editing Cannon (section)

===Southeast Asia===
[[File:Lantakas.jpg|thumb|Collection of Philippine ''lantaka'' in a European museum]]

Cannons were introduced to the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[Majapahit]] Empire when [[Kublai Khan]]'s Mongol-Chinese army under the leadership of Ike Mese [[Mongol invasion of Java|sought to invade Java]] in 1293. ''[[History of Yuan]]'' mentioned that the Mongol used a weapon called [[Hu dun pao|''p'ao'']] against Daha forces.<ref name="Schlegel">Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China, Prior to the Arrival of Europeans". ''T'oung Pao''. 3: 1–11.</ref>{{Rp|1–2}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Partington|first=J. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNZBSqd2cToC&q=java&pg=PA224|title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder|date=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|244–245}}<ref name=":112">Reid, Anthony (1993). ''Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680''. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</ref>{{Rp|220}} This weapon is interpreted differently by researchers, it may be a [[trebuchet]] that throws [[Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty#Explosives|thunderclap bombs]], firearms, cannons, or rockets. It is possible that the gunpowder weapons carried by the Mongol–Chinese troops amounted to more than one type.<ref name=":10">Averoes, Muhammad (2020). ''Antara Cerita dan Sejarah: Meriam Cetbang Majapahit''. ''Jurnal Sejarah'', 3(2), 89–100.</ref>{{Rp|97}}

[[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] wrote in ''[[The History of Java]]'' that in 1247 [[Saka era|saka]] (1325 AD), cannons were widely used in Java especially by the Majapahit. It is recorded that the small kingdoms in Java that sought the protection of Majapahit had to hand over their cannons to the Majapahit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raffles|first=Thomas Stamford|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjava02raff/page/n115/mode/2up?q=|title=The History of Java|publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street|year=1830|location=London}}</ref>{{Rp|106}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yusof|first=Hasanuddin|date=September 2019|title=Kedah Cannons Kept in Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat|journal=Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia|volume=32|pages=59–75}}</ref>{{Rp|61}} Majapahit under ''Mahapatih'' (prime minister) [[Gajah Mada]] (in office 1331–1364) utilized gunpowder technology obtained from [[Yuan dynasty]] for use in naval fleet.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pramono|first=Djoko|title=Budaya Bahari|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2005|isbn=9789792213768}}</ref>{{Rp|57}}

[[File:Bedil kuno atau meriam kuno Jawa cetbang, nomor 2, dengan dudukan.png|thumb|A cannon found from the Brantas river. Made of bronze, with a triangular embossed touch hole. The wooden parts were recently made for display.]]
Mongol-Chinese gunpowder technology of Yuan dynasty resulted in eastern-style cetbang which is similar to Chinese cannon. Swivel guns however, only developed in the archipelago because of the close maritime relations of the Nusantara archipelago with the territory of West India after 1460 AD, which brought new types of gunpowder weapons to the archipelago, likely through Arab intermediaries. This weapon seems to be cannon and gun of Ottoman tradition, for example the [[prangi]], which is a [[breech-loading swivel gun]]. A new type of cetbang, called the western-style cetbang, was derived from the Turkish prangi. Just like prangi, this cetbang is a breech-loading swivel gun made of bronze or iron, firing single rounds or scattershots (a large number of small bullets).<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|94–95}}

Cannons derived from western-style cetbang can be found in Nusantara, among others were [[lantaka]] and lela. Most lantakas were made of bronze and the earliest ones were [[Breechloader|breech-loaded]]. There is a trend toward muzzle-loading weapons during colonial times.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kearifan Tempatan: Pandainya Melayu Dalam Karya Sastera|last=Hamid|first=Rahimah A.|publisher=Penerbit USM|year=2015|isbn=978-9838619332}}</ref> When the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] came to the archipelago, they referred to the breech-loading swivel gun as ''berço'', while the [[Spaniards]] call it {{lang|es|verso}}.<ref name="Reid">{{Cite book |last=Wade |first=Geoff |title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4311-96-0 |location=Singapore}}</ref>{{Rp|151}} A [[Hand cannon|pole gun]] ({{lang|id|[[bedil tombak]]}}) was recorded as being used by Java in 1413.<ref>Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century". ''The China Review''. '''IV''': p. 178.</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Manguin |first=Pierre-Yves |date=1976 |title=L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02509117/file/arasi_0004-3958_1976_num_32_1_1103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Arts Asiatiques |volume=32 |pages=233–268 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1976.1103 |s2cid=191565174 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017043603/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02509117/file/arasi_0004-3958_1976_num_32_1_1103.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>{{Rp|245}}

Duarte Barbosa c. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java were great masters in casting artillery and very good artillerymen. They made many one-pounder cannon ({{lang|id|cetbang}} or {{lang|id|rentaka}}), long muskets, {{lang|it|spingarde}} (arquebus), {{lang|it|schioppi}} (hand cannon), [[Greek fire]], guns (cannon), and other fireworks. Every place was considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Edward John|year=1866|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptionofcoa00barbrich/page/n7/mode/2up|title=A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa|location=|publisher=The Hakluyt Society|isbn=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|198}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Partington|first=J. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNZBSqd2cToC&q=java&pg=PA224|title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder|date=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0|language=en|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222917/https://books.google.com/books?id=fNZBSqd2cToC&q=java&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|224}} In 1513, the [[Djong (ship)#European age of discovery|Javanese fleet]] led by Pati Unus sailed to attack [[Portuguese Malacca]] "with much artillery made in Java, for the Javanese are skilled in founding and casting, and in all works in iron, over and above what they have in India".<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsk7tLkMU4C |title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4311-96-0 |editor-last=Wade |editor-first=Geoff |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Tana |editor-first2=Li}}</ref>{{Rp|162}}<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |last=Crawfurd |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n8/mode/2up?q= |title=A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries |publisher=Bradbury and Evans |year=1856}}</ref>{{Rp|23}} By early 16th century, the Javanese already locally-producing large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and dubbed as "sacred cannon" or "holy cannon". These cannons varied between 180- and 260-pounders, weighing anywhere between 3 and 8 tons, length of them between {{cvt|3|and|6|m}}.<ref>''Modern Asian Studies''. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–628.</ref>

Cannons were used by the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] in 1352 during its invasion of the [[Khmer Empire]].{{sfn|Purton|2010|p=201}} Within a decade large quantities of gunpowder could be found in the [[Khmer Empire]].{{sfn|Purton|2010|p=201}} By the end of the 14th century firearms were also used by the [[Trần dynasty]].{{sfn|Tran|2006|p=75}}

Saltpeter harvesting was recorded by Dutch and German travelers as being common in even the smallest villages and was collected from the decomposition process of large dung hills specifically piled for the purpose. The Dutch punishment for possession of non-permitted gunpowder appears to have been amputation.<ref name=":13">{{cite book |last1=Raffles |first1=Thomas Stamford |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjavavol0000raff/page/180/mode/2up?q=powder |title=A History of Java Volume 1 |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-19-580347-1 |edition=[Repr.]. |location=Cambridge |orig-date=1817}}</ref>{{Rp|180–181}} Ownership and manufacture of gunpowder was later prohibited by the colonial Dutch occupiers.<ref name="Dipanegara, P. B. R 1981">Dipanegara, P. B. R. Carey, ''Babad Dipanagara: an account of the outbreak of the Java war, 1825–30: the Surakarta court version of the Babad Dipanagara with translations into English and Indonesian'' volume 9: Council of the M.B.R.A.S. by Art Printing Works: 1981.</ref> According to colonel McKenzie quoted in Sir [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]]' ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|The History of Java]]'' (1817), the purest sulfur was supplied from [[Ijen|a crater from a mountain]] near the straits of [[Bali]].<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|180–181}}