Editing Canal (section)

===Canal falls===
A ''canal fall'', or canal drop, is a vertical drop in the canal bed.<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 643 --> These are built when the natural ground slope is steeper than the desired canal gradient.<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 643 --> They are constructed so the falling water's kinetic energy is dissipated in order to prevent it from [[hydrodynamic scour|scouring]] the bed and sides of the canal.<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 643 --><ref name="Sharma 2016">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=S. K. |title=Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures |date=2016 |publisher=S Chand and Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-525-3377-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkRxDwAAQBAJ |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|643}}

A canal fall is constructed by [[cut and fill]].<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 643 --> It may be combined with a regulator, bridge, or other structure to save costs.<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --><ref name="Sharma 2016"/>{{rp|643–4}}

There are various types of canal falls, based on their shape.<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --> One type is the [[ogee]] fall, where the drop follows an s-shaped curve to create a smooth transition and reduce [[turbulence]].<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --> However, this smooth transition does not dissipate the water's kinetic energy, which leads to heavy scouring.<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --> As a result, the canal needs to be reinforced with concrete or masonry to protect it from eroding.<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --><ref name="Sharma 2016"/>{{rp|644}}

Another type of canal fall is the vertical fall, which is "simple and economical".<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 646 --> These feature a "cistern", or depressed area just downstream from the fall, to "cushion" the water by providing a deep pool for its kinetic energy to be [[diffusion|diffused]] in.<!-- Sharma 2016, p. 646 --> Vertical falls work for drops of up to 1.5&nbsp;m in height, and for discharge of up to 15 cubic meters per second.<ref name="Sharma 2016"/><!-- Sharma 2016, p. 646 -->{{rp|646}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="135">
File:Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg|alt=A series of approximately 20 black lock gates with white ends to the paddle arms and wooden railings, each slightly higher than the one below. On the right is a path and on both side's grass and vegetation.|The flight of 16 consecutive locks at [[Caen Hill Locks|Caen Hill]] on the [[Kennet and Avon Canal]], [[Wiltshire]]
File:Pontcysyllte aqueduct arp.jpg|[[Llangollen Canal|The Llangollen Canal]] traverses [[Pontcysyllte Aqueduct|the longest and highest aqueduct]] in [[Denbighshire]], Wales, United Kingdom 
File:Canal of korinth greece.jpg|The [[Corinth Canal]] seen from the air
File:Miami and Erie Canal Lock photographs - DPLA - a4f6bf1bdcffd61c72c1a077104f91ed (page 1).jpg|Miami and Erie Canal Lock in Ohio, United States
</gallery>