Editing Caldera (section)

====Toba====
{{Main|Lake Toba|Toba catastrophe theory}}

About 74,000 years ago, this Indonesian volcano released about {{convert|2800|km3}} [[dense-rock equivalent]] of ejecta. This was the largest known eruption during the ongoing [[Quaternary]] period (the last 2.6&nbsp;million years) and the largest known explosive eruption during the last 25&nbsp;million years. In the late 1990s, [[anthropologist]] Stanley Ambrose<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/people/ambrose | title=Stanley Ambrose page | publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> proposed that a [[volcanic winter]] induced by this eruption reduced the human population to about 2,000–20,000 individuals, resulting in a [[population bottleneck]]. More recently, [[Lynn Jorde]] and [[Henry Harpending]] proposed that the human species was reduced to approximately 5,000–10,000 people.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/supervolcanoes_script.shtml Supervolcanoes], [[BBC2]], 3 February 2000</ref> There is no direct evidence, however, that either theory is correct, and there is no evidence for any other animal decline or extinction, even in environmentally sensitive species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gathorne-Hardy |first1=F.J |last2=Harcourt-Smith |first2=W.E.H |title=The super-eruption of Toba, did it cause a human bottleneck? |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=September 2003 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=227–230 |doi=10.1016/s0047-2484(03)00105-2 |pmid=14580592 |bibcode=2003JHumE..45..227G }}</ref> There is evidence that human habitation continued in [[India]] after the eruption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=M. |last2=Korisettar |first2=R. |last3=Boivin |first3=N. |last4=Clarkson |first4=C. |last5=Ditchfield |first5=P. |last6=Jones |first6=S. |last7=Koshy |first7=J. |last8=Lahr |first8=M. M. |last9=Oppenheimer |first9=C. |last10=Pyle |first10=D. |last11=Roberts |first11=R. |last12=Schwenninger |first12=J.-L. |last13=Arnold |first13=L. |last14=White |first14=K. |title=Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption |journal=Science |date=6 July 2007 |volume=317 |issue=5834 |pages=114–116 |doi=10.1126/science.1141564 |pmid=17615356 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..114P |s2cid=20380351 }}</ref>

[[File:La Cumbre - ISS.JPG|thumb|right|Satellite photograph of the summit caldera on [[Fernandina Island]] in the [[Galápagos Islands|Galápagos]] [[archipelago]]]]
[[File:Nemrut Caldera aerial.jpg|thumb|right|Oblique aerial photo of [[Nemrut (volcano)|Nemrut Caldera]], Van Lake, Eastern Turkey]]