Editing Buffalo Bill (section)

=== ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' tours of Europe ===
''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' toured Europe eight times, the first four tours between 1887 and 1892, and the last four from 1902 to 1906.<ref name= Griffin>{{cite book| title= Four Years in Europe with Buffalo Bill| first= Charles Eldridge |last= Griffin| editor= Chris Dixon| year= 2010| publisher= University of Nebraska Press| isbn= 9780803234666}}</ref>{{rp|xviii}}

The ''Wild West'' first went to London in 1887 as part of the American Exhibition,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codyarchive.org/life/wfc.bio.00002.html|title=William F. Cody Archive: Documenting the life and times of Buffalo Bill|website=codyarchive.org}}</ref> which coincided with the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]. The Prince of Wales, later [[King Edward&nbsp;VII]], requested a private preview of the ''Wild West'' performance; he was impressed enough to arrange a command performance for [[Queen Victoria]]. The Queen enjoyed the show and meeting the performers, setting the stage for another command performance on June 20, 1887, for her Jubilee guests. Royalty from all over Europe attended, including the future [[Kaiser Wilhelm&nbsp;II]] and the future [[King George&nbsp;V]].<ref name= Russell-Lives />{{rp|330–331}} These royal encounters provided ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' an endorsement and publicity that ensured its success. Also, at this time, Buffalo Bill was presented with written accolades from several of America's high ranking generals including [[William T. Sherman]], [[Philip H. Sheridan]] and [[William H. Emory]] testifying to his service, bravery, and character. Among the presentations was a document signed by [[Governor of Nebraska|Governor]] [[John M. Thayer]] of [[Nebraska]] appointing Cody as aide-de-camp on the Governor's staff with the rank of colonel dated March 8, 1887. The rank had little official authority but the English press quickly capitalized on the new title of "Colonel Cody".<ref name= Russell-Lives />{{rp|326}} ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' closed its successful London run in October 1887 after more than 300 performances, with more than 2.5 million tickets sold.<ref name= Gallop-British>{{cite book| last= Gallop| first= Alan | year= 2001| title= Buffalo Bill's British Wild West| place=Stroud| publisher= Sutton |isbn= 0-7509-2702-X}}</ref>{{rp|129}} The tour made stops in Birmingham and Manchester before returning to the United States in May 1888 for a short summer tour.

''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' returned to Europe in May 1889 as part of the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Exposition Universelle]] in Paris, an event that commemorated the 100th anniversary of the [[Storming of the Bastille]] and featured the debut of the [[Eiffel Tower]].<ref>{{cite book| last= Jonnes| first= Jill |year= 2010| title= Eiffel's Tower: And the World's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison Became a Count| place= New York| publisher= Penguin |isbn= 978-0-14-311729-2}}</ref> On this tour, his portrait was painted by Europe's leading female painter [[Rosa Bonheur]]. The tour moved to the South of France and [[Barcelona]], Spain, then on to Italy. While in Rome, a Wild West delegation was received by [[Pope Leo&nbsp;XIII]].<ref name= Gallop-British />{{rp|157}} Buffalo Bill was disappointed that the condition of the [[Colosseum]] did not allow it to be a venue; however, at [[Verona]], the ''Wild West'' did perform in the ancient [[Verona Arena|Roman amphitheater]].<ref name= Russell-Lives />{{rp|352}} The tour finished with stops in [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[German Empire|Germany]].

[[File:Buffalo Bill statue crop, Dennistoun, Glasgow.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Buffalo Bill statue commemorating his 1891–92 Wild West Show at [[Dennistoun]], Glasgow.<ref name="ParkheadHistory" />]]
In 1891 the show toured cities in Belgium and the Netherlands before returning to Great Britain to close the season. Cody depended on several staffs to manage arrangements for touring with the large and complex show: in 1891 Major [[Arizona John Burke]] was the general manager for the Buffalo Bill Wild West Company; William Laugan {{sic}}, supply agent; George C. Crager, Sioux interpreter, considered leader of relations with the Indians; and John Shangren, a native interpreter.<ref name="eagle">[http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/113/paul-eagle-star-george-crager#ixzz3BV568tX6 "The Death of 'Eagle Star' in Sheffield"], ''Sheffield & Rotherham Independent'', August 26, 1891, at American Tribes Forum, accessed August 26, 2014.</ref> In 1891, Buffalo Bill performed in [[Karlsruhe]], Germany, in the Südstadt Quarter. The inhabitants of Südstadt are nicknamed ''Indianer'' (German for "American Indians") to this day, and the most accepted theory says that this is due to Buffalo Bill's show.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} 
In October Cody brought the show to [[Dennistoun]], [[Glasgow]], where it ran from November 16 until February 27, 1892, in the East End Exhibition Building, and George C. Crager sold [[The Ghost Shirt]] to the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum|Kelvingrove Museum]].<ref name="Dennistoun">{{cite web | title=Statue to Wild West showman Cody | website=BBC News | date=November 17, 2006 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6157590.stm | access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref>

The show's 1892 tour was confined to Great Britain; it featured another command performance for Queen Victoria. The tour finished with a six-month run in London before leaving Europe for nearly a decade.<ref name= Griffin />{{rp|xxi}}

''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' returned to Europe in December 1902 with a fourteen-week run in London, capped by a visit from King Edward VII and the future King George V. The ''Wild West'' traveled throughout Great Britain in a tour in 1902 and 1903 and a tour in 1904, performing in nearly every city large enough to support it.<ref name= Russell-Lives />{{rp|439}} The 1905 tour began in April with a two-month run in Paris, after which the show traveled around France, performing mostly one-night stands, concluding in December. The final tour, in 1906, began in France on March 4 and quickly moved to Italy for two months. The show then traveled east, performing in [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] territories of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] (now the [[Czech Republic]]) and [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]], before returning west to tour in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (now part of [[Poland]]), then Germany, and Belgium.<ref name= Moses-Images>{{cite book| last= Moses| first= L. G. |year= 1996| title= Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883–1933| place= Albuquerque| publisher= University of New Mexico Press |isbn= 9780826320896}}</ref>{{rp|189}}

The show was enormously successful in Europe, making Cody an international celebrity and an American icon.<ref name= Kasson />{{rp|88}} [[Mark Twain]] commented, "It is often said on the other side of the water that none of the exhibitions which we send to England are purely and distinctly American. If you will take the ''Wild West'' show over there you can remove that reproach."<ref name= Russell-Lives />{{rp|321}} The ''Wild West'' brought an exotic foreign world to life for its European audiences, allowing a last glimpse at the fading American frontier.

Several members of the ''Wild West'' show died of accidents or disease during these tours in Europe:
*Surrounded by the Enemy (1865–1887), of the [[Oglala Lakota]] band, died of a lung infection. His remains were buried at [[Brompton Cemetery]] in London.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.rootschat.com/forum/index.php?topic=296911.27|title=The Salford Sioux – Manchester's Native American Community (Lancashire) |website= RootsChat.com| page=4}}</ref> Red Penny, the one-year-old son of Little Chief and Good Robe, had died four months earlier and was buried in the same cemetery.
*[[Paul Eagle Star]] (1864–1891), of the [[Brulé|Brulé Lakota]] band, died in [[Sheffield]], of tetanus and complications from injuries caused when his horse fell on him, breaking his leg. He was buried in Brompton Cemetery.<ref name="eagle"/> His remains were exhumed in March 1999 and transported to the [[Rosebud Indian Reservation]], in South Dakota, by his grandchildren Moses and Lucy Eagle Star II. The remains were reburied in the Lakota cemetery in [[Rosebud, South Dakota|Rosebud]] two months later.
*Long Wolf (1833–1892), of the Oglala Lakota band, died of [[pneumonia]] and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. His remains were exhumed and transported to South Dakota's [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] in September 1997 by his descendants, including his great-grandson, John Black Feather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgi.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/25/chief.long.wolf/|title=Chief Long Wolf Goes Home, 105 Years Late |date= September 25, 1997|publisher=CNN|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100419032411/http://cgi.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/25/chief.long.wolf/|archive-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> The remains were reburied at Saint Ann's Cemetery, in [[Pine Ridge, South Dakota|Denby]].
*White Star Ghost Dog (1890–1892), of the Oglala Lakota band, died after a horse-riding accident and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. Her remains were exhumed and transported to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, in South Dakota, in September 1997, with those of Long Wolf, and were reburied at Saint Ann's Cemetery, in Denby.