Editing Brno (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Autumn Marian Valley.jpg|thumb|left|The Marian Valley in Líšeň]]
[[File:Srovnání kvality ovzduší v ČR - 2008.jpg|thumb|Air quality in the Czech Republic in 2008; Brno ranks among the cleanest cities.]]

Brno is located in the southeastern part of the Czech Republic, at the confluence of the [[Svitava (river)|Svitava]] and [[Svratka (river)|Svratka]] rivers, and there are also several brooks flowing through it, including the Veverka, Ponávka, and Říčka. The Svratka River flows through the city for about {{convert|29|km|0|abbr=on}}, and the Svitava River cuts a {{convert|13|km|0|abbr=on}} path through the city.<ref name="witwib"/> Brno is situated at the crossroads of ancient trade routes which have joined northern and southern European civilizations for centuries, and is a part of the [[Danube basin]] region. The city is historically connected with Vienna, which lies {{convert|110|km|0|abbr=on}} to the south.<ref name="guocz"/>

Brno is {{convert|21.5|km|1|abbr=on}} across, measured from east to west, and its total area is {{convert|230|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="guocz">{{cite web|url=http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=2222&nav02=8|title=Geografické údaje a obyvatelstvo – Statutární město Brno|access-date=8 September 2011|language=cs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523092746/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=2222&nav02=8|archive-date=23 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Within the city limits are the [[Brno Reservoir]], several ponds, and other standing bodies of water, such as the [[reservoir]]s in the Marian Valley<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jizni-morava.cz/?tpl=48&lang=2&typ=1&id=9101|title=South Moravia – Official Tourism Website|access-date=8 September 2011}}</ref> and the Žebětín Pond. Brno is surrounded by wooded hills on three sides; about {{convert|6379|ha|0|abbr=on}} of the area of the city is forest, 28% of the total. Due to its location between the [[Bohemian-Moravian Highlands]] and the [[Dyje-Svratka Vale|Southern Moravian lowlands (Dyje-Svratka Vale)]], Brno has a moderate climate.<ref name="witwib"/> Compared to other cities in the country, Brno has a very high air quality, which is ensured by a good natural circulation of air; no severe storms or similar natural disasters have ever been recorded in the city.<ref name="witwib"/>

===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Brno has an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') for −3&nbsp;°C original isoterm,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=32711&cityname=Brno,+Czech+Republic|title=Brno, Czech Republic Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> but near of the (−2.5&nbsp;°C average temperature in January, month most cold) or include by updated classification in [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'') with cold winters and warm to hot summers.<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. | year=2007 | title= Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 |issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | issn = 1027-5606| doi-access=free }}</ref> However, in the last 20 years the temperature has increased, and summer days with temperature above {{convert|30|°C|0}} are quite common.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.chmi.cz/portal/dt?action=content&provider=JSPTabContainer&menu=JSPTabContainer%2FP3_0_Informace_pro_Vas%2FP3_9_Historicka_data%2FP3_9_1_Pocasi%2FP3_9_1_9_Mesicni_data&nc=1&portal_lang=en|title=CHMI Portal : Info for you : Historical Data : Weather : Monthly data|access-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213055943/http://portal.chmi.cz/portal/dt?action=content&provider=JSPTabContainer&menu=JSPTabContainer%2FP3_0_Informace_pro_Vas%2FP3_9_Historicka_data%2FP3_9_1_Pocasi%2FP3_9_1_9_Mesicni_data&nc=1&portal_lang=en#PP_Mesicni_data |archive-date=13 February 2015 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> The average temperature is {{convert|9.4|°C|0|abbr=on}}, the average annual precipitation is about {{convert|505|mm|2|abbr=on}}, the average number of precipitation days is 150, the average annual sunshine is 1,771 hours, and the prevailing wind direction is northwest.<ref name="witwib"/> The weather box below shows average data between years 1961 and 1990. 
Its height above sea level varies from {{convert|190|m|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|497|m|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="witwib"/> The highest peak in the municipal area is the Kopeček Hill ({{convert|479|m|0|abbr=on}}), and the highest point overall lies in [[Brno-Útěchov|Útěchov]] on the border with the municipality of [[Vranov (Brno-Country District)|Vranov]].

{{Weather box
|location = [[Brno-Tuřany Airport]], Brno<br>Coordinates {{coordinates|49|09|11|N|16|41|20|E|name=Brno Turany}}; elevation: {{convert|241|m|abbr=on}}; [[Location identifier#WMO station identifiers|WMO ID]]: 11723; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 15.8
|Feb record high C = 17.7
|Mar record high C = 24.3
|Apr record high C = 29.5
|May record high C = 31.8
|Jun record high C = 36.6
|Jul record high C = 36.4
|Aug record high C = 37.8
|Sep record high C = 32.0
|Oct record high C = 27.7
|Nov record high C = 20.1
|Dec record high C = 14.4
|year record high C = 37.8
|Jan high C = 1.9
|Feb high C = 4.5
|Mar high C = 9.7
|Apr high C = 16.1
|May high C = 20.4
|Jun high C = 24.1
|Jul high C = 26.5
|Aug high C = 26.4
|Sep high C = 20.5
|Oct high C = 14.1
|Nov high C = 7.7
|Dec high C = 2.6
|year high C = 14.5
|Jan mean C = -0.8
|Feb mean C = 0.9
|Mar mean C = 4.9
|Apr mean C = 10.8
|May mean C = 15.2
|Jun mean C = 18.9
|Jul mean C = 20.7
|Aug mean C = 20.5
|Sep mean C = 15.3
|Oct mean C = 9.8
|Nov mean C = 4.8
|Dec mean C = 0.2
|year mean C = 10.1
|Jan low C = -3.5
|Feb low C = -2.5
|Mar low C = 0.8
|Apr low C = 5.2
|May low C = 9.6
|Jun low C = 13.2
|Jul low C = 14.9
|Aug low C = 14.8
|Sep low C = 10.6
|Oct low C = 6.1
|Nov low C = 2.0
|Dec low C = -2.3
|year low C = 5.7
|Jan record low C = -24.1
|Feb record low C = -22.2
|Mar record low C = -18.6
|Apr record low C = -6.3
|May record low C = -2.6
|Jun record low C = 1.8
|Jul record low C = 3.6
|Aug record low C = 3.0
|Sep record low C = -0.7
|Oct record low C = -6.5
|Nov record low C = -13.1
|Dec record low C = -20.9
|year record low C = -24.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 23.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 22.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 30.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 27.3
|May precipitation mm = 59.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 69.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 71.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 60.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 51.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 35.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 32.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 30.0
|year precipitation mm = 512.3
|Jan snow cm = 11.5
|Feb snow cm = 8.6
|Mar snow cm = 3.8
|Apr snow cm = 0.5
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.0
|Nov snow cm = 3.0
|Dec snow cm = 8.9
|year snow cm = 36.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6.0
|Feb precipitation days = 5.2
|Mar precipitation days = 6.1
|Apr precipitation days = 5.8
|May precipitation days = 8.6
|Jun precipitation days = 8.4
|Jul precipitation days = 9.6
|Aug precipitation days = 7.4
|Sep precipitation days = 6.2
|Oct precipitation days = 6.5
|Nov precipitation days = 6.7
|Dec precipitation days = 7.0
|year precipitation days = 83.4
|Jan humidity = 83.5
|Feb humidity = 77.7
|Mar humidity = 70.5
|Apr humidity = 62.4
|May humidity = 65.1
|Jun humidity = 65.4
|Jul humidity = 63.8
|Aug humidity = 64.2
|Sep humidity = 71.5
|Oct humidity = 79.2
|Nov humidity = 84.6
|Dec humidity = 85.7
|year humidity = 72.8
|Jan dew point C = -4.8
|Feb dew point C = -3.3
|Mar dew point C = -0.2
|Apr dew point C = 3.9
|May dew point C = 8.3
|Jun dew point C = 11.3
|Jul dew point C = 12.7
|Aug dew point C = 12.6
|Sep dew point C = 9.5
|Oct dew point C = 5.0
|Nov dew point C = 0.9
|Dec dew point C = -3.0
|Jan sun = 54.7  |Jan percentsun = 18.32
|Feb sun = 85.0  |Feb percentsun = 27.16
|Mar sun = 139.5 |Mar percentsun = 35.30
|Apr sun = 203.0 |Apr percentsun = 45.00
|May sun = 234.9 |May percentsun = 47.49
|Jun sun = 245.2 |Jun percentsun = 48.27
|Jul sun = 257.7 |Jul percentsun = 50.40
|Aug sun = 250.3 |Aug percentsun = 52.32
|Sep sun = 174.1 |Sep percentsun = 44.45
|Oct sun = 111.7 |Oct percentsun = 35.50
|Nov sun = 55.4  |Nov percentsun = 19.32
|Dec sun = 43.3  |Dec percentsun = 16.15
|year sun = 1854.8
|Jan uv = 1
|Feb uv = 1
|Mar uv = 3
|Apr uv = 4
|May uv = 6
|Jun uv = 7
|Jul uv = 7
|Aug uv = 6
|Sep uv = 4
|Oct uv = 2
|Nov uv = 1
|Dec uv = 1
|source 1 = [[NOAA]] (dew point 1961–1990)<ref name=NOAA6190>{{cite web |title=Brno 4 Turany Climate Normals 1961–1990|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-old/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/CZ/11723.TXT|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908103749/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-old/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/CZ/11723.TXT|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref><ref name=NOAA9120>{{cite web |title=Brno Turany Normals 1991–2020|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/BrnoTurany_11723.csv|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908103634/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/BrnoTurany_11723.csv|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|Český hydrometeorologický ústav (ČHMU)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Brno Tuřany (Record mensili dal 1958)|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMD|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2025-01-03<!--|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908103314/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/europa/repubblica-ceca/brno-turany/|archive-date=2024-09-08-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Množství nového sněhu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908092636/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=O1MOSN01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Průměrná relativní vlhkost vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908103003/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>}}

{{Weather box
|location = Brno ([[Brno-Žabovřesky]]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1987–present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 16.4
|Feb record high C = 18.4
|Mar record high C = 23.2
|Apr record high C = 30.0
|May record high C = 33.6
|Jun record high C = 38.2
|Jul record high C = 37.9
|Aug record high C = 38.5
|Sep record high C = 32.9
|Oct record high C = 27.8
|Nov record high C = 19.2
|Dec record high C = 14.4
|year record high C = 38.5
|Jan high C = 2.3
|Feb high C = 4.9
|Mar high C = 10.0
|Apr high C = 16.9
|May high C = 21.6
|Jun high C = 25.4
|Jul high C = 27.5
|Aug high C = 27.2
|Sep high C = 21.0
|Oct high C = 14.2
|Nov high C = 7.9
|Dec high C = 2.9
|year high C = 15.1
|Jan mean C = -0.4
|Feb mean C = 1.1
|Mar mean C = 5.1
|Apr mean C = 10.9
|May mean C = 15.6
|Jun mean C = 19.4
|Jul mean C = 21.0
|Aug mean C = 20.5
|Sep mean C = 15.1
|Oct mean C = 9.7
|Nov mean C = 5.0
|Dec mean C = 0.5
|year mean C = 10.3
|Jan low C = -3.2
|Feb low C = -2.4
|Mar low C = 0.7
|Apr low C = 4.9
|May low C = 9.5
|Jun low C = 13.2
|Jul low C = 14.9
|Aug low C = 14.6
|Sep low C = 10.4
|Oct low C = 6.0
|Nov low C = 2.3
|Dec low C = -1.9
|year low C = 5.8
|Jan record low C = -23.6
|Feb record low C = -20.4
|Mar record low C = -15.0
|Apr record low C = -6.0
|May record low C = -0.7
|Jun record low C = 2.7
|Jul record low C = 6.7
|Aug record low C = 4.5
|Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = -6.4
|Nov record low C = -12.6
|Dec record low C = -22.1
|year record low C = -23.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 25.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 23.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 32.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 29.0
|May precipitation mm = 55.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 67.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 72.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 62.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 53.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 35.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 33.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 30.7
|year precipitation mm = 522.0
|Jan snow cm = 10.8
|Feb snow cm = 8.3
|Mar snow cm = 4.8
|Apr snow cm = 0.4
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = trace
|Nov snow cm = 3.1
|Dec snow cm = 8.6
|year snow cm = 36.1
|Jan humidity = 82.0
|Feb humidity = 76.4
|Mar humidity = 69.8
|Apr humidity = 61.6
|May humidity = 62.9
|Jun humidity = 62.6
|Jul humidity = 62.3
|Aug humidity = 64.4
|Sep humidity = 72.7
|Oct humidity = 79.4
|Nov humidity = 83.2
|Dec humidity = 84.2
|year humidity = 71.8
|Jan sun = 47.6  |Jan percentsun = 17.59
|Feb sun = 75.7  |Feb percentsun = 26.41
|Mar sun = 145.8 |Mar percentsun = 39.35
|Apr sun = 209.9 |Apr percentsun = 50.17
|May sun = 204.0 |May percentsun = 42.31
|Jun sun = 221.1 |Jun percentsun = 46.87
|Jul sun = 244.6 |Jul percentsun = 50.24
|Aug sun = 242.7 |Aug percentsun = 53.18
|Sep sun = 175.7 |Sep percentsun = 46.31
|Oct sun = 106.0 |Oct percentsun = 33.24
|Nov sun = 54.8  |Nov percentsun = 19.85
|Dec sun = 42.0  |Dec percentsun = 15.77
|year sun = 1769.8
|Jan uv = 1
|Feb uv = 1
|Mar uv = 3
|Apr uv = 4
|May uv = 6
|Jun uv = 7
|Jul uv = 7
|Aug uv = 6
|Sep uv = 4
|Oct uv = 2
|Nov uv = 1
|Dec uv = 1
|source 1 = [[Czech Hydrometeorological Institute]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé kalendářní dny|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMD|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908105426/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMD|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Průměrná teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908105232/https://www.envidata.cz/favicon.ico|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Srážkové úhrny v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/R.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908105751/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/R.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Množství nového sněhu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908110858/https://www.envidata.cz/favicon.ico|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Průměrná relativní vlhkost vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky (Humidity)|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908104022/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Délka slunečního svitu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky|url=https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/S.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY|publisher=Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|language=cs|access-date=2024-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908111107/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/S.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY|archive-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>}}

===Cityscape===
{{Panorama simple
|image      = File:Brno - panorama I - 2012.jpg
|fullwidth  = 10178
|fullheight = 1177
|caption    = Panoramic view of approximately the northeast quarter of the city
|height     = 200}}