Editing Bretwalda (section)

==Modern interpretation by historians==
For some time, the existence of the word ''bretwalda'' in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', which was based in part on the list given by [[Bede]] in his ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', led historians to think that there was perhaps a "title" held by Anglo-Saxon overlords. This was particularly attractive as it would lay the foundations for the establishment of an English monarchy. The 20th-century historian [[Frank Stenton]] said of the Anglo-Saxon chronicler that "his inaccuracy is more than compensated by his preservation of the English title applied to these outstanding kings".<ref>{{Citation | first = F. M. | last = Stenton | title = Anglo-Saxon England | edition = 3rd | place = Oxford | publisher = University Press | year = 1971 | pages = 34–35}}.</ref> He argued that the term ''bretwalda'' "falls into line with the other evidence which points to the Germanic origin of the earliest English institutions".

Over the later 20th century, this assumption was increasingly challenged. [[Patrick Wormald]] interpreted it as "less an objectively realized office than a subjectively perceived status" and emphasised the partiality of its usage in favour of [[Southumbrian]] rulers.<ref>{{Citation | first = Patrick | last = Wormald | title = Bede, ''Bretwaldas'' and the Origins of the ''Gens Anglorum'' | pages = 118–119}}.</ref> In 1991, Steven Fanning argued that "it is unlikely that the term ever existed as a title or was in common usage in Anglo-Saxon England".<ref name = "Fanning">{{Citation | last = Fanning | first = Steven | contribution = Bede, ''Imperium'', and the Bretwaldas | title = Speculum | volume = 66 | number = 1 | year = 1991}}.</ref>{{rp |24}}  The fact that Bede never mentioned a special title for the kings in his list implies that he was unaware of one.<ref name = "Fanning" />{{rp |23}}  In 1995, [[Simon Keynes]] observed that "if Bede's concept of the Southumbrian overlord, and the chronicler's concept of the 'Bretwalda', are to be regarded as artificial constructs, which have no validity outside the context of the literary works in which they appear, we are released from the assumptions about political development which they seem to involve... we might ask whether kings in the eighth and ninth centuries were quite so obsessed with the establishment of a pan-Southumbrian state".<ref>{{Citation | first = Simon | last = Keynes | contribution = England, 700–900 | title = The New Cambridge Medieval History | volume = II, c. 700 – c. 900 | editor-first = R. | editor-last = McKitterick | place = Cambridge | publisher = University Press | year = 1995 | page = 39}}.</ref>

Modern interpretations view the concept of ''bretwalda'' overlordship as complex and an important indicator of how a 9th-century chronicler interpreted history and attempted to insert the increasingly powerful Saxon kings into that history.