Editing Brazil (section)

=== Early republic ===
{{Main|First Brazilian Republic|Vargas Era|Second Brazilian Republic}}
{{multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| align             = right
| width             = 220
| image1            = Proclamação da República by Benedito Calixto 1893.jpg
| caption1          = ''[[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]]'', 1893, oil on canvas by [[Benedito Calixto]]
| image2            = Revolução de 1930 (cropped) restored.jpg
| caption2          = [[Getúlio Vargas]] (''center'') during the [[Revolution of 1930]]
| image3            = Massarosaw.jpg
| caption3          = [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] in [[Massarosa]], [[Italian Social Republic|Italy]], during [[World War II|WWII]]
}}

The early republican government was a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power.{{sfnp|Smallman|2002|loc=end of Chapter 1, from p. 18 "Military rule"}} Not until 1894, following an [[Encilhamento|economic crisis]] and [[Revolta da Armada|a military one]], did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.{{sfnp|Smallman|2002|pp=21–26}}<ref>Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 {{ISBN|0-312-23399-X}}</ref><ref>Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12</ref>

In relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries,<ref>David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" [[Columbia University]] Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125</ref> only broken by the [[Acre War]] (1899–1902) and [[Brazil during World War I|its involvement]] in [[World War I]] (1914–1918),<ref>Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305</ref><ref>M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945 |pages=265–69}}</ref> followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the [[League of Nations]];<ref>Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145</ref> Internally, from the crisis of ''Encilhamento''<ref>{{Citation |last=Viscount of Taunay |title=O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892 |year=1893 |publisher=Melhoramentos}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Nassif |first=Luís |title=Os cabeças-de-planilha |pages=69–107 |year=2007 |publisher=Ediouro |isbn=978-85-00-02094-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=de Carvalho |first=Ney O. Ribeiro |title=O Encilhamento: anatomia de uma bolha brasileira |year=2004 |publisher=Bovespa |isbn=978-85-904019-1-9}}</ref> and the [[Revolta da Armada|Navy Revolts]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Martins |first=Hélio L |title=A Revolta da Armada |year=1997 |publisher=BibliEx}}</ref> a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian<ref>{{Citation |last=Moniz |first=Edmundo |title=Canudos: a luta pela terra |year=1984 |publisher=Global}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sevcenko |first=Nicolau |title=A Revolta da Vacina |year=2010 |publisher=Cosac Naify |isbn=978-85-7503-868-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=de Moura |first=Aureliano P |title=Contestado: a guerra cabocla |year=2003 |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército}}</ref> and military.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thompson |first=Arthur |title=Guerra civil do Brazil de 1893–1895 |year=1934 |publisher=Ravaro}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Roland |first=Maria Inês |title=A Revolta da Chibata |year=2000 |publisher=Saraiva |isbn=978-85-02-03095-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Forjaz |first=Maria CS |title=Tenentismo e politica |year=1977 |publisher=Paz e Terra}}</ref>

Little by little, [[Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil#1st Republican period (1889–1930)|a cycle of general instability]] sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate [[Getúlio Vargas]], supported by most of the military, successfully led the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|Revolution of 1930]].<ref>Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. ''The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics'', Duke University Press 1999, IV – The Vargas Era</ref><ref>[[Keen, Benjamin]] / Haynes, Kate ''A History of Latin America; Volume 2'', Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pp.&nbsp;356–57</ref> Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.<ref>McCann; Frank D. ''Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937'', [[Stanford University]] Press 2004, p. 303 {{ISBN|0-8047-3222-1}}</ref><ref>Ibidem Williams 2001</ref>

In the 1930s, three attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power failed. The first was the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]] in 1932, led by São Paulo's [[oligarchy]]. The second was a [[Brazilian uprising of 1935|Communist uprising]] in November 1935, and the last one a ''[[Integralist Uprising|putsch]]'' attempt by [[Brazilian Integralism|local fascists]] in May 1938.<ref>E. Bradford Burns; ''A History of Brazil'' Columbia University Press 1993 p. 352 {{ISBN|978-0-231-07955-6}}</ref><ref>Dulles, John W.F. ''Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935'' University of Texas Press 2012 {{ISBN|0-292-74076-X}}</ref><ref>Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; ''The New international year book'' Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p. 102 "The Fascist Revolt"</ref> The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The [[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|1937 ''coup d'état'']] resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased.<ref>Bourne, Richard ''Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954'' C. Knight 1974, p. 77</ref>

During [[World War II]], Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country suffered [[Submarine warfare#Atlantic ocean|retaliation]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Italy under fascism|Fascist Italy]] in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, [[Brazil in World War II|entered the war]] on the [[Allies of World War II|allied side]].<ref>Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001''. Potomac Books, 2003 {{ISBN|1-57488-452-2}} Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil, and Mexico, 1942–45</ref><ref>Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; ''Latin America during World War II'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150</ref><ref>Mónica Hirst & [[Andrew Hurrell]]; ''The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations'', Taylor & Francis Books 2005 {{ISBN|0-415-95066-X}} pp. 4–5</ref> In addition to [[Battle of the Atlantic#South Atlantic (May 1942 – September 1943)|its participation in the battle of the Atlantic]], Brazil also sent an [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|expeditionary force]] to fight in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Castro |first1=Celso |title=Nova história militar brasileira |pages=13–14 |year=2004 |publisher=Fundação Getúlio Vargas |isbn=978-85-225-0496-1 |last2=Izecksohn |first2=Vitor |last3=Kraay |first3=Hendrik}}</ref>

With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable, and he was [[1945 Brazilian coup d'état|swiftly overthrown]] in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier.<ref>McCann 2004, p. 441</ref> Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.<ref>Roett; Riordan ''Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society'', GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, pp. 106–08 {{ISBN|0-275-95899-X}}</ref><ref>Keen & Haynes 2004, pp.&nbsp;361–62</ref>