Editing Brainwashing (section)

==Other areas and studies==
[[File:Joost-a-m-meerloo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Joost Meerloo]]]]
[[Joost Meerloo]], a Dutch psychiatrist, was an early proponent of the concept of brainwashing. "Menticide" is a [[neologism]] he coined meaning "killing of the mind". Meerloo's view was influenced by his experiences during the German occupation of his country during the Second World War and his work with the Dutch government and the American military in the [[interrogation]] of accused [[Nazi war criminals]]. He later emigrated to the United States and taught at [[Columbia University]].<ref>''The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies'', Jonathan Auerbach, Russ Castronovo, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 114 {{ISBN?}}</ref> His best-selling 1956 book, ''The Rape of the Mind'', concludes by saying: 
{{blockquote|The modern techniques of brainwashing and menticide—those perversions of psychology—can bring almost any man into submission and surrender. Many of the victims of thought control, brainwashing, and menticide that we have talked about were strong men whose minds and wills were broken and degraded. But although the totalitarians use their knowledge of the mind for vicious and unscrupulous purposes, our democratic society can and must use its knowledge to help man to grow, to guard his freedom, and to understand himself.<ref>{{cite web|author=Meerloo, Joost|url=http://www.lermanet.com/scientology/mc-ch1.html|title=The Rape of the Mind: The Psychology of Thought Control, Menticide, and Brainwashing|year=1956|publisher=World Publishing Company|author-link=Joost Meerloo|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429163525/http://www.lermanet.com/scientology/mc-ch1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

Russian historian [[Daniel Romanovsky]], who interviewed survivors and eyewitnesses in the 1970s, reported on what he called "[[Nazi]] brainwashing" of the people of Belarus by the occupying Germans during the [[Second World War]], which took place through both mass [[propaganda]] and intense re-education, especially in schools. Romanovsky noted that very soon, most people had adopted the Nazi view that the Jews were an inferior race and were closely tied to the [[Soviet]] government, views that had not been at all common before the German occupation.<ref>''Nazi Europe and the Final Solution'', David Bankier, Israel Gutman, Berghahn Books, 2009, pp. 282–285.</ref><ref>''Gray Zones: Ambiguity and Compromise in the Holocaust and its Aftermath'', Jonathan Petropoulos, John Roth, Berghahn Books, 2005, p. 209 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>''The Minsk Ghetto 1941–1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism'', Barbara Epstein, University of California Press, 2008, p. 295 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>''Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe'', John-Paul Himka, Joanna Beata Michlic, University of Nebraska Press, 2013, pp. 74, 78 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/sc3/soviet_jews_exodus/English/Interview_s/InterviewRomanovsky.shtml|title=Interview|publisher=Angelfire.com|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807194100/http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/soviet_jews_exodus/English/Interview_s/InterviewRomanovsky.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>*{{citation|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oU6WielZ_VoC&pg=PA276|chapter=The Soviet Person as a Bystander of the Holocaust: The case of eastern Belorussia|first=Daniel|last=Romanovsky|page=276|title=Nazi Europe and the Final Solution|editor-first=David|editor-last=Bankier|editor2-first=Israel|editor2-last=Gutman|year=2009|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-410-4}}
*{{cite journal|title=The Holocaust in the Eyes of Homo Sovieticus: A Survey Based on Northeastern Belorussia and Northwestern Russia|journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies|year=1999|volume=13|issue=3|pages=355–382|doi=10.1093/hgs/13.3.355|last1=Romanovsky|first1=D.}}
*{{citation|first=Daniel|last=Romanovsky|chapter=Soviet Jews Under Nazi Occupation in Northeastern Belarus and Western Russia|title=Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR|editor-first=Zvi|editor-last=Gitelman|year=1997|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=241}}</ref>

Italy has had controversy over the concept of ''[[plagio]]'', a crime consisting in an absolute psychological—and eventually physical—domination of a person. The effect is said to be the annihilation of the subject's [[freedom]] and [[self-determination]] and the consequent negation of his or her [[personality]]. The crime of plagio has rarely been prosecuted in Italy, and only one person was ever convicted. In 1981, an Italian court found that the concept is imprecise, lacks coherence and is liable to arbitrary application.<ref>Alessandro Usai ''Profili penali dei condizionamenti mentali'', Milano, 1996 {{ISBN|88-14-06071-1}}. {{page needed|date=April 2023}}</ref>

Recent scientific book publications in the field of the [[mental disorder]] "[[dissociative identity disorder]]" (DID) mention [[torture]]-based brainwashing by criminal networks and malevolent actors as a deliberate means to create multiple "programmable" personalities in a person to exploit this individual for sexual and financial reasons.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwartz|first=Rachel Wingfield|chapter='An evil cradling?' Cult practices and the manipulation of attachment needs in ritual abuse|date=2018-03-22|title=Ritual Abuse and Mind Control|pages=39–55|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429479700-2|isbn=978-0-429-47970-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Miller|first=Alison|chapter=Becoming Yourself |title=Becoming Yourself: Overcoming Mind Control and Ritual Abuse|date=2018-05-11 |pages=347–370|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429472251-21|isbn=978-0-429-47225-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Alison|date=2018-05-08|title=Healing the Unimaginable|doi=10.4324/9780429475467|isbn=978-0-429-47546-7}}</ref><ref>Alayarian, A. (2018). ''Trauma, Torture and Dissociation: A Psychoanalytic View''. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>Schwartz, H. L. (2013). ''The Alchemy of Wolves and Sheep: A Relational Approach to Internalized Perpetration in Complex Trauma Survivors''. US: ''Taylor & Francis.'' {{ISBN?}}</ref> Earlier scientific debates in the 1980s and 1990s about torture-based ritual abuse in cults was known as "[[satanic ritual abuse]]," which was mainly viewed as a "[[moral panic]]."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goode|first1=Erich|last2=Ben-Yehuda|first2=Nachman|date=1994|title=Moral Panics: Culture, Politics, and Social Construction|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|volume=20|pages=149–171|doi=10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001053|jstor=2083363|issn=0360-0572}}</ref>

[[Brain-Washing (book)|''Brain-Washing: A Synthesis of the Russian Textbook on Psychopolitics'']] published by the [[Church of Scientology]] in 1955 about brainwashing.  [[L. Ron Hubbard]] authored the text and alleged it was the secret manual written by [[Lavrentiy Beria]], the [[NKVD|Soviet secret police]] chief, in 1936.<ref>{{Cite book |title=They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions |author=Paul F. Boller |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |year=1989 |page=5 |isbn=978-0-19-505541-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/theyneversaiditb00boll |url-access=registration |quote=brain washing hubbard 1936.}}</ref> When the FBI ignored him, Hubbard wrote again stating that Soviet agents had, on three occasions, attempted to hire him to work against the United States, and were upset about his refusal,<ref name="atack">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/pieceofblueskysc00atac/ |title=A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed |first=Jon |last=Atack |author-link=Jon Atack |date=1990 |publisher=[[Lyle Stuart|Lyle Stuart Books]] |isbn=0-8184-0499-X |ol=9429654M |page=140}}</ref> and that one agent specifically attacked him using electroshock as a weapon.<ref>{{cite book
 | title=California. Court of Appeal (2nd Appellate District). Records and Briefs
 | author=California (State)
 | page=33
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNbukS--lrEC&q=%22brainwashing%22+hubbard+fbi+communists&pg=PA33
}}</ref>

[[Kathleen Barry]], co-founder of the [[United Nations]] NGO, the [[Coalition Against Trafficking in Women]] (CATW),<ref name="A Distinctive Style Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.adistinctivestyle.com/i/73080/96|title=A Distinctive Style Article|access-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021043933/http://www.adistinctivestyle.com/i/73080/96|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="On the Issues Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1995summer/pimping.php|title=On the Issues Article|publisher=Ontheissuesmagazine.com|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170242/https://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1995summer/pimping.php|url-status=live}}</ref> prompted international awareness of human sex trafficking in her 1979 book ''Female Sexual Slavery''.<ref name="Biography at The People Speak Radio">[http://www.thepeoplespeakradio.net/2011/kathleen-barry/ Biography at The People Speak Radio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615092814/http://www.thepeoplespeakradio.net/2011/kathleen-barry/|date=15 June 2012 }}</ref> In his 1986 book ''Woman Abuse: Facts Replacing Myths,'' Lewis Okun reported that: "Kathleen Barry shows in ''Female Sexual Slavery'' that forced female prostitution involves coercive control practices very similar to thought reform."<ref>
''Woman Abuse: Facts Replacing Myths'', Lewis Okun, SUNY Press, 1986, p. 133</ref> In their 1996 book, ''Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States'', Rita Nakashima Brock and [[Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite]] report that the methods commonly used by [[pimps]] to control their victims "closely resemble the brainwashing techniques of terrorists and paranoid cults."<ref>''Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States'', Rita Nakashima Brock, Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite, Fortress Press, 1996, p. 166</ref>

In his 2000 book, ''Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism'', Robert Lifton applied his original ideas about thought reform to [[Aum Shinrikyo]] and the [[War on Terrorism]], concluding that, in this context, thought reform was possible without violence or physical coercion. He also pointed out that in their efforts against terrorism, Western governments were also using some alleged mind control techniques.<ref>''Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism'', Owl Books, 2000. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

In her 2004 [[popular science]] book, ''[[Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control]]'', [[neuroscientist]] and [[physiologist]] [[Kathleen Taylor (biologist)|Kathleen Taylor]] reviewed the history of mind control theories, as well as notable incidents. In it, she theorized that persons under the influence of brainwashing may have more rigid [[neurological]] pathways, and that can make it more difficult to rethink situations or to be able to later reorganize these pathways.<ref name="szimhart">{{cite journal| last =Szimhart| first =Joseph| title =Thoughts on thought control| journal =[[Skeptical Inquirer]]| volume =29| issue =4| pages =56–57| date =July–August 2005 }}</ref><ref name="hawkes">{{cite news| last =Hawkes| first =Nigel| title =Brainwashing by Kathleen Taylor| work =The Times|location=London| date =27 November 2004| url =http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article395436.ece| access-date =2008-11-02| archive-date =16 June 2011| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110616100520/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article395436.ece}}</ref>

In 2006 ''[[Brainwash: The Secret History of Mind Control]]'' ({{ISBN|0-340-83161-8}}) is a non-fiction book published by [[Hodder & Stoughton]] about the evolution of brainwashing from its origins in the Cold War through to today's War on Terror.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article689424.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615184934/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article689424.ece|archive-date=15 June 2011|title = TLS - Times Literary Supplement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/23/featuresreviews.guardianreview9|title = Et cetera: Sep 23|website = The Guardian|date = 23 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Delaney |first=Tim |date=2007 |title=Brainwash: The Secret History of Mind Control |journal=[[Library Journal]] |language=en-US |volume=132 |issue=4 |page=95 |issn=0363-0277}}</ref> The author, [[Dominic Streatfeild]],
uses formerly classified documentation and interviews from the CIA.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070815035224/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no1/the-intelligence-officers-bookshelf.html The Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf]</ref>