Editing Bohemia (section)

===Habsburg Monarchy===<!--'Habsburg Bohemia' redirects here-->
{{Main|History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)|History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)}}
[[File:Europe As A Queen Sebastian Munster 1570.jpg|thumb|upright|Bohemia as the heart of ''[[Europa regina]]''; [[Sebastian Münster]], [[Basel]], 1570]]
After the death of King [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia]] in the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, Archduke [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of Austria became the new king of Bohemia, and the country became a constituent state of the [[Habsburg monarchy]].

From 1599 to 1711, Moravia (a [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Land of the Bohemian Crown]]) was frequently raided by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its vassals (especially the [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]] and [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]]). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Petra |last=Košťálová|editor-first1=Mateusz|editor-last1=Chmurski|editor-first2=Irina|editor-last2=Dmytrychyn|year=2022 |title=Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border Narrative|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27185958 |journal=[[Revue des études slaves]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/res.5138|issn=2117-718X|publisher=OpenEdition|page=110|jstor=27185958 }}</ref>

Bohemia enjoyed religious freedom between 1436 and 1620 and became one of the most liberal countries of the Christian world during that period. In 1609, Holy Roman Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]], who made Prague again the capital of the [[Holy Roman Empire|empire]] at the time, himself a Roman Catholic, was moved by the Bohemian nobility to publish ''Maiestas Rudolphina'', which confirmed the older ''Confessio Bohemica'' of 1575.

After Emperor [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias II]] and then King of Bohemia [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] (later Holy Roman Emperor) began oppressing the rights of [[Protestant]]s in Bohemia, the resulting [[Bohemian Revolt]] led to outbreak of the [[Thirty Years' War]] in 1618. Elector [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine|Frederick V]] of the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]], a [[Calvinist]] Protestant, was elected by the Bohemian nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian throne and was known as the Winter King. Frederick's wife, the popular [[Elizabeth of Bohemia|Elizabeth Stuart]] and subsequently Elizabeth of Bohemia, known as the Winter Queen or Queen of Hearts, was the daughter of King [[James I of England and VI of Scotland]].

After Frederick's defeat in the [[Battle of White Mountain]] in 1620, 27 Bohemian estates leaders and [[Jan Jesenius]], rector of the [[Charles University]] of Prague, were executed on Prague's Old Town Square on 21 June 1621, and the rest were exiled from the country; their lands were given to Catholic loyalists (mostly of Bavarian and Saxon origin). That ended the pro-reformation movement in Bohemia and the role of Prague as ruling city of the Holy Roman Empire.
[[File:Locator Bohemia within the Holy Roman Empire (1618).svg|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] {{Legend inline|#d40000|}} in 1618 with other Bohemian Crown lands {{Legend inline|#ffb9b9}} within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] {{Legend inline|#fefee9}}(1618).]]

In the so-called "renewed constitution"<!--description needed--> of 1627, German was established as a second official language in the Czech lands. Czech formally remained the kingdom's first language, but both German and Latin were widely spoken among the ruling classes, although German became increasingly dominant, and Czech was spoken in much of the countryside.
[[File:MapBohemia-1742-0423.jpg|alt=Detailed map of Bohemia, 1742|thumb|Detailed map of Bohemia, 1742]]
Bohemia's formal independence was further jeopardized when the Bohemian [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] approved administrative reform in 1749. It included the indivisibility of the [[Habsburg monarchy#Rulers of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1526–1918|Habsburg Empire]] and the centralization of rule, which essentially meant the merging of the Royal Bohemian Chancellery with the Austrian Chancellery.

At the end of the 18th century, the [[Czech National Revival]] movement, in cooperation with part of the Bohemian aristocracy, started a campaign for restoration of the kingdom's historic rights, whereby Czech was to regain its historical role and replace German as the language of administration. The [[enlightened absolutism]] of [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] and [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], who introduced minor language concessions, showed promise for the Czech movement, but many of these reforms were later rescinded. During the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas|Revolution of 1848]], many Czech nationalists called for autonomy for Bohemia from Habsburg Austria, but the revolutionaries were defeated. At the same time, German-speaking towns elected representatives for the [[Frankfurt Parliament|first German Parliament at Frankfurt]]. Towns between [[Karlovy Vary|Karlsbad]] and [[Liberec|Reichenberg]] chose leftist representatives, while [[Cheb|Eger]], [[Rumburk|Rumburg]], and [[Opava|Troppau]] elected conservative representatives.<ref>{{cite book|author=Arnold Suppan|chapter="Germans" in the Austrian Empire and in the Monarchy|title=The Germans and the East|editor1-last=Ingrao|editor2-last=Szabo|publisher=Purdue University Press|year= 2008|pages=156}}</ref> The old Bohemian Diet, one of the last remnants of the independence, was dissolved, although Czech experienced a rebirth as [[romantic nationalism]] developed among the Czechs.

In 1861, a new elected Bohemian Diet was established. The renewal of the old Bohemian Crown ([[Kingdom of Bohemia]], [[Margraviate of Moravia]], and [[Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia]]) became the official political program of both Czech liberal politicians and the majority of Bohemian aristocracy ("state rights program"), while parties representing the German minority and small part of the aristocracy proclaimed their loyalty to the centralist Constitution (so-called "Verfassungstreue").

After Austria's defeat in the [[Austro-Prussian War]] in 1866, Hungarian politicians achieved the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], ostensibly creating equality between the empire's Austrian and Hungarian halves. An attempt by the Czechs to create a tripartite monarchy (Austria-Hungary-Bohemia) failed in 1871. The "state-rights program" remained the official platform of all Czech political parties (except for social democrats) until 1918.

Under the state-rights program, appealing to the stability of Bohemia's borders over many centuries, the Czech emancipation movement claimed the right to the whole of the Bohemian lands over the Germans' right to the lands, amounting to a third of Bohemia, where they formed the majority.<ref name="Arburg">{{cite encyclopedia |last= von Arburg|first= Adrian| encyclopedia= Als die Deutschen weg waren Was nach der Vertreibung geschah: Ostpreußen, Sudetenland, Schlesien|title=Abschied und Neubeginn |language= de}}</ref>